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Mark Thomas
Criminal Law
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PREFACE
CONTENTS
TABLE OF LEGISLATION
chapter 1
Introduction to the Criminal Law
1.1Introduction
1.2The purpose of this text
1.2.1 ‘Substantive criminal law’
1.3Defining crime
1.4The need for the criminal law?
1.4.1 Functions of the criminal law
1.4.2 An ‘overuse’ of the criminal law?
1.5Principles of criminal law
1.5.1 Principle of ‘fair warning’
1.5.2 Principle of ‘fair labelling’
1.5.3 Principle of ‘welfare’
1.5.4 Principle of ‘autonomy’
1.6Sources of criminal law
1.6.1 Common law
1.6.2 Legislation
1.6.2.1 Case law and legislation
1.6.3 International influences
1.6.3.1 European Union
1.6.3.2 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
Convention rights
Obligation on the courts
1.6.3.3 International law
1.6.3.4 The law of other jurisdictions
1.6.4 Reform
1.6.4.1 Law Commission
1.6.4.2 Draft Criminal Code
1.6.4.3 Judicial law making
1.7Criminal procedure, evidence and sentencing: an overview
1.7.1 Criminal procedure
1.7.1.1 Charge
1.7.1.2 Classification of offences
1.7.1.3 Conviction and sentencing
1.7.2 Evidence
1.7.2.1 Principles of evidence
1.7.2.2 Types of evidence
1.7.2.3Burden and standard of proof
Burden of proof
Standard of proof
1.7.3 Sentencing
1.7.3.1 Purposes of sentencing
1.7.3.2 Sentencing Council
1.7.3.3 Sentencing powers
1.8Nature of criminal liability
1.8.1 Actus reus
1.8.2 Mens rea
1.8.3 No defence
1.9Further reading
chapter 2
Actus Reus: The External Element of Crime
2.1Introduction to actus reus
2.1.1Finding the actus reus
2.1.2Identifying the ‘three Cs’
2.1.3‘Guilty thoughts’
2.1.4Actus reus committed by a third party
2.2Defining the actus reus
2.3Conduct and result crimes
2.3.1Conduct crimes
2.3.2Result crimes
2.4Voluntary and positive conduct
2.4.1Voluntary and involuntary conduct
2.4.1.1Voluntary conduct
2.4.1.2Involuntary conduct
2.4.1.3Distinguishing between the two
2.4.2Positive acts
2.4.2.1Distinguishing positive acts from voluntary conduct
2.5State of affairs cases (‘situational liability’)
2.6Omissions
2.6.1The position in other jurisdictions and conflicting views
2.6.1.1The ‘social responsibility’ view
2.6.1.2The ‘conventional’ view
2.6.2Classifying omissions
2.6.3Imposition of a duty
2.6.3.1Capable of commission
2.6.3.2Legally recognised duty to act
Legal duty
Duty to act, not duty of care
2.6.3.3Unreasonable failure to act
2.6.4The established duties
2.6.4.1Official duty
2.6.4.2A duty imposed by statute
2.6.4.3Contractual obligations
2.6.4.4Duty by relationship
2.6.4.5Duty by assumption of care (voluntary undertakings)
Express duty
Implied duty
2.6.4.6Duty by creation of a dangerous situation
2.6.4.7Are the categories ‘closed’?
2.6.4.8Who decides whether there is a duty to act?
2.6.4.9Multiple duties
2.6.5Can an individual be ‘released’ from his duty?
2.6.5.1Duty passing to another
2.6.5.2Duty is absolved
2.6.6Act or omission?
Withdrawal of life support: act or omission?
2.7Causation
2.7.1Factual causation
2.7.2Legal causation
2.7.2.1What is the difference between legal and factual causation?
2.7.2.2Substantial cause
Multiple or ‘concurrent’ causes
2.7.2.3Blameable cause
2.7.2.4Operative cause
2.7.3New and intervening acts
2.7.3.1General principles
2.7.3.2Act of a third party
Development
‘Free, deliberate and informed’
Operating and substantial cause
(i) Driving cases
(ii) Medical intervention cases
Omissions and intervening acts
2.7.3.3Act of the victim
Fright and flight
Drug-dealing cases
Further acts of the victim
2.7.3.4Act of God
2.7.3.5Summary of intervening acts
2.7.4Applying causation
2.8Thin skull rule
2.9Putting it all together
2.10Further reading
Omissions
Causation
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