Читать книгу Basic Virology - Martinez J. Hewlett - Страница 37

Virus exit is essentially the converse of virus entry at the start of the infection. Now, however, the infected individual is a reservoir of the continuing infection, and symptoms of the disease may have a role in its spread. Some examples should illustrate this simple concept. Infection with a mosquito‐borne encephalitis virus results in high titers of virus in the victim's blood. At the same time, the infected individual's malaise and torpor make him or her an easy mark for a feeding mosquito. In chickenpox (caused by herpes zoster virus, also called varicella zoster virus[VZV]), rupture of virus‐filled vesicles at the surface of the skin can lead to generation of viral aerosols that transmit the infection to others. Similarly, a respiratory disease–causing virus in the respiratory tract along with congestion can lead to sneezing, an effective way to spread an aerosol. A virus such as HIV in body fluids can be transmitted to others via contaminated needles or through unprotected sexual intercourse, especially anal intercourse. Herpesvirus in saliva can enter a new host through a small crack at the junction between the lip and the epidermis.