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A primary failure, also called a random hardware failure in IEC 61508, occurs when the item is used in its intended operating context. In most cases, the primary failure results in an item fault and a repair action is usually necessary to return the item to a functioning state. Primary failures are generally random failures, where the cause of failure can be attributed to aging and the properties of the item itself. A primary failure is illustrated in Figure 3.8. Primary failures are the only category of failures that we justifiably can claim compensation for under warranty. Primary failures are not relevant for software.

Figure 3.8 A primary failure leading to an item fault.