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Table of Contents
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3 Preface WHY IS THIS BOOK NEEDED? WHO IS THIS BOOK FOR? LEVEL AND PRE‐REQUISITE AIMS AND SCOPE CONTENTS ONLINE TEACHING TOOLS
6 PART 1: SETTING THE STATISTICAL SCENE CHAPTER 1: The Scientific Method 1.1 KNOWING THINGS 1.2 LOGIC 1.3 EXPERIMENTATION AND RESEARCH DESIGN 1.4 THE BASICS OF RESEARCH DESIGN 1.5 NEXT STEPS 1.6 RESEARCH DESIGN 1.7 DATA, RESULTS, AND PRESENTATION 1.8 READING 1.9 EXERCISES REFERENCES CHAPTER 2: Populations and Samples 2.1 DEFINING POPULATIONS AND SAMPLES 2.2 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 2.3 WEIGHTING AND WEIGHTED AVERAGES 2.4 MEASURES OF VARIATION: RANGE, QUANTILES, AND THE STANDARD DEVIATION 2.5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAMPLES AND POPULATIONS 2.6 BE PATIENT AND DON’T GIVE UP 2.7 GLOSSARY 2.8 EXERCISES CHAPTER 3: Principles of Measurement 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 TYPES OF RESEARCH 3.3 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT 3.4 MEASUREMENT SCALES 3.5 RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND ERROR 3.6 BIAS AND GENERALIZABILITY 3.7 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 3.8 CONCLUSION 3.9 EXERCISES REFERENCES CHAPTER 4: Probability and Types of Distribution 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 TYPES OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 4.3 SAMPLING ERROR 4.4 TRANSFORMATIONS 4.5 EXERCISES REFERENCES CHAPTER 5: Confidence Intervals and Significance Testing 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND CONFIDENCE LIMITS 5.3 LEVELS OF SIGNIFICANCE 5.4 A TEST STATISTIC 5.5 EXERCISES REFERENCE
7 PART 2: STATISTICAL TESTS CHAPTER 6: Two Sample Comparisons for Normal Distributions: The t‐test 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 PAIRED t‐TEST 6.3 UNPAIRED t‐TEST 6.4 EXERCISES CHAPTER 7: Nonparametric Two‐Sample Tests 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 UNPAIRED NONNORMAL DATA: THE MANN–WHITNEY TEST 7.3 WILCOXON SIGNED‐RANK TEST 7.4 WILCOXON SIGN TEST 7.5 SPSS 7.6 EXERCISES REFERENCE CHAPTER 8: Contingency Tables, Chi‐Squared Test, and Fisher's Exact Test 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 THE FOUR‐FOLD OR 2 × 2 CONTINGENCY TABLE 8.3 p × q TABLES 8.4 SMALL SAMPLE SIZE 8.5 FISHER’S EXACT TEST 8.6 USING ALL YOUR DATA 8.7 SPSS 8.8 EXERCISES REFERENCES CHAPTER 9: McNemar’s Test 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 THE BASICS 9.3 SPSS 9.4 EXERCISES REFERENCES CHAPTER 10: Association 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 10.3 REGRESSION 10.4 SPSS 10.5 EXERCISES REFERENCES CHAPTER 11: Analysis of Variance 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 ONE‐WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 11.3 SPSS 11.4 TWO‐WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 11.5 N‐WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND BEYOND 11.6 NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 11.7 EXERCISES REFERENCES
8 PART 3: DOING RESEARCH CHAPTER 12: Design, Sample Size, and Power 12.1 RANDOMIZATION OF PROCEDURES 12.2 SAMPLE SIZE REFERENCE CHAPTER 13: Describing Statistical Models and Selecting Appropriate Tests 13.1 DESCRIBING STATISTICAL MODELS 13.2 CHOOSING STATISTICAL TESTS 13.3 SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 14: Designing a Research Protocol 14.1 INTRODUCTION 14.2 THE RESEARCH PROTOCOL 14.3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 14.4 STAGE 1: INITIATION3 14.5 RESPONSES TO STAGE 1 PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT 14.6 STAGE 2: DEVELOPMENT 14.7 STAGE 3: FULL PROTOCOL 14.8 COMMENTS ON PREVIOUS SUBMISSIONS AT STAGE 3. PLEASE READ THESE CAREFULLY BEFORE COMPLETING STAGE 3. 14.9 PRESENTATION OF PROTOCOLS CHAPTER 15: Presenting Results to Different Audiences 15.1 INTRODUCTION 15.2 MY ELDER SON’S GROWTH – A SIMPLE TIME TREND ANALYSIS 15.3 DISTRIBUTION OF CHILDREN’S AGES ACCORDING TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME – CONTINGENCY TABLES, PIE CHARTS, BAR CHARTS, AND HISTOGRAMS 15.4 MORE EXAMPLES 15.5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES
9 PART 4: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES APPENDIX A1: Probabilities (P) of the Binomial Distribution for n, r, and p (Based on Sample Proportions) or π (Proportion in the Population) APPENDIX A2: Areas in the Tail of the Normal Distribution APPENDIX A3: Areas in the Tail of the t Distribution APPENDIX A4: Wilcoxon U Statistic(Mann–Whitney Test) APPENDIX A5: Wilcoxon T Statistic APPENDIX A6: Sign Test Statistic R APPENDIX A7: Percentages in the Tail of the Chi‐Squared Distribution APPENDIX A8: Quantiles of the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient APPENDIX A9: Percentages in the Tail of the F Distribution APPENDIX A10: Flow Chart for Selecting Statistical Tests
10 Index
