Читать книгу You: Staying Young: Make Your RealAge Younger and Live Up to 35% Longer - Michael Roizen F. - Страница 16

GCHC F ANA BHD FDHEGHEHNEDBNA F BHGCHDE BGAHECHN FGNB A BDCACEGH FH FHDN HBCE BDNEHGNH FGAC FNCHDE AHAGFDBHA BCE FHDANHC FGDHA EHBNCHGDGFNEHB E BDHCACHD FGF AHNE B EHNHNGBGDA FHCEHD FHE AGHGCBNBNCAHD F BNE AH FDGHC

Photocopy this page so that you can do the test twice. Ask somebody to time you. As quickly and accurately as you can, take a pencil and cross out all the Hs in the above pattern, moving left to right and starting from the top line. Average the time it took on both of your tries. This test helps measure mental acuity.

Results:

Count the number of Hs you knocked out. The total number is thirty-five. See where you fell with the averages below.

Age	Average Seconds	Number Missed
Under 30	40	1
30–45	41	1
45–50	42	2
50–55	43	2
55–60	44	2
60–65	46	2
66–70	46	2
71–75	47	3
76–80	50	3
81–85	51	3
86–90	52	2
91–95	53	2

Credit: Letter cancellation used with permission from Bob Uttl.

Our brains really do have a way of messing with our minds.

One moment, you can be spitting out the names of your entire third-year class, the score of the 1974 FA Cup final, the colour dress you wore to the sixth-form prom, or the entire script from your favorite Seinfeld episode. The next minute, you can’t think of the name of your cat.

Call them what you want – senior moments, doomsday to dementia – but the truth is that we all experience these neurological hiccups as we age. And we all wonder exactly what they mean. Some of us put them down to stress, fatigue or some kind of neurological overload that’s caused by the ogre who signs our pay cheques, while others worry about whether a moment of forgetfulness means that we have a first-class ticket on the express train to Alzheimer’s.

No matter what we may think causes our decline in mental acuity, most people share a pretty big assumption about our grey matter: either our brains are genetically determined to be razor sharp for the duration, or we’re eventually going to live life putting on our underwear last. That is, we believe that our genes, the very first Major Ager, completely control our neurological destiny.

That simply isn’t true.

Vice Is Nice

Though there’s some evidence that nicotine (in the form of a patch, not the kind you smoke) plays some role in improving awareness, research also supports the memory-boosting effects of a less dangerous vice: caffeine. About five cups of coffee a day protects against cognitive impairment from both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. (Remember, if you experience side effects like migraines, abnormal heartbeats, anxiety, or acid reflux, the benefits may not be worth the side effects.) By keeping you alert, caffeine will also help you assimilate knowledge and deposit it in your memory bank efficiently, improving the chance that you’ll recall it correctly.

While many diseases and conditions have genetic elements to them, memory conditions have some of the strongest genetic indicators. For example, a PET (positron-emission tomography) scan, which records images of the brain as it functions, reveals evidence of early Alzheimer’s when it identifies that the brain is misusing energy. This abnormality is caused by illness of the mitochondria (more details on this Major Ager on here), which is genetically determined. But the truth is that even if your genes have decided to give you a life of serious forgetfulness, you do have the ability to control those genes so your mind is strong, your brain functions at full power, and you remember everything from the crucial details of your life to whether or not you turned off the oven – even when your birthday candles reach triple digits. Plus, we have lots of data from twin studies saying that less than 50 percent of memory is inherited, meaning that if you get a head start on the action steps we’re going to cover, you can alter how your genes are expressed. In the end, genetics loads the gun, but your lifestyle pulls the trigger.

Clearly, the brain is the most complex organ in your body. In fact, if the brain were simpler, we wouldn’t be smart enough to understand it. But we are. Think of your brain as the city’s electrical grid. Your brain’s nerve cells, or neurons, are constantly firing and receiving messages in much the same way that power plants send signals and homes and businesses receive them. Power may originate from a main source, but the connections then branch out every which way throughout the city. Your brain functions the same way: messages are sent from one neuron to another across your neurological grid. When those neurons successfully communicate with one another through the sending and receiving of neurological impulses, your brain can file away your memories.

FACTOID

Your brain actually loses 10 percent of its weight between the ages of twenty and ninety. We lose around forty thousand nerves per day, so by the age of sixty-five roughly one-tenth of our brain cells are gone. And the rate of loss is higher in the frontal brain region, which controls problem solving, the ability to think abstractly, and the ability to carry out multiple tasks simultaneously.

But what happens when a storm, an accident or a chainsaw-wielding hoodlum knocks out the power lines? You lose connections, so you lose power – maybe to a particular neighbourhood or maybe to a large segment of the city, depending on which ones got fried. Same goes for your brain. If something knocks out those neural connections, then small or large parts of your brain can experience a blackout, and you freak because you can’t remember that you left the car keys on the back of the toilet.

Certainly, many things can cause malfunctions in your neurological grid. Some are acute and immediate, like a concussion arising from a brain bruise. Others are more chronic, as in the case of a genetic malfunction that can cause your power lines to be rickety so they easily cut out. These are the ones that we’re mainly going to address here.