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Главная Авторы Michael Begon Ecology

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Ecology

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Страница 1 Table of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations Guide Pages Страница 7Страница 8Страница 9Страница 10Страница 11Страница 12 Chapter 1
Organisms in their Environments: the Evolutionary Backdrop 1.1 Introduction: natural selection and adaptation 1.2 Specialisation within species 1.2.1 Geographic variation within species: ecotypes APPLICATION 1.1 Selection of ecotypes for conservation 1.2.2 Genetic polymorphism APPLICATION 1.2 Variation within a species with man‐made selection pressures 1.3 Speciation 1.3.1 What do we mean by a ‘species’? 1.3.2 Allopatric speciation 1.3.3 Sympatric speciation APPLICATION 1.3 Conservation significance of hot spots of endemism 1.4 The role of historical factors in the determination of species distributions 1.4.1 Movements of landmasses 1.4.2 Island history 1.4.3 Climatic history APPLICATION 1.4 Global warming and species distributions and extinctions APPLICATION 1.5 Human history and species invasions 1.5 The match between communities and their environments 1.5.1 Terrestrial biomes of the earth 1.5.2 The ‘life form spectra’ of communities APPLICATION 1.6 Stream invertebrate species traits and agricultural pollution 1.6 The diversity of matches within communities Страница 34 Chapter 2 Conditions 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Ecological niches APPLICATION 2.1 Ecological niche modelling and ordination as management tools APPLICATION 2.2 Judging the fundamental niche of a species driven to extreme rarity 2.3 Responses of individuals to temperature 2.3.1 What do we mean by ‘extreme’? 2.3.2 Metabolism, growth, development and size APPLICATION 2.3 Getting predictions right in the face of climate change 2.3.3 Ectotherms and endotherms 2.3.4 Life at low temperatures 2.3.5 The genetics of cold tolerance APPLICATION 2.4 Selection for cold tolerance in crops to increase their productivity and geographic range 2.3.6 Life at high temperatures 2.3.7 Temperature as a stimulus 2.4 Correlations between temperature and the distribution of plants and animals 2.4.1 Spatial and temporal variations in temperature 2.4.2 Typical temperatures and distributions 2.4.3 Distributions and extreme conditions APPLICATION 2.5 Tropical species at particular risk from climate change 2.4.4 Distributions and the interaction of temperature with other factors APPLICATION 2.6 Farmers’ choice of cover crops in relation to temperature and soil water potential 2.5 pH of soil and water 2.6 Salinity 2.6.1 Conditions at the boundary between the sea and land 2.7 Hazards, disasters and catastrophes: the ecology of extreme events APPLICATION 2.7 Coral reefs and mangrove forests may ameliorate the impact of tsunamis 2.8 Environmental pollution APPLICATION 2.8 Bioremediation and phytomining 2.9 Global change 2.9.1 Industrial gases and the greenhouse effect 2.9.2 Global warming Страница 65 Chapter 3 Resources 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Radiation 3.2.1 Variations in the intensity and quality of radiation APPLICATION 3.1 Bioengineering crops for accelerated recovery from photoprotection 3.2.2 Net photosynthesis 3.2.3 Sun and shade plants of an evergreen shrub 3.3 Water 3.3.1 Photosynthesis or water conservation? Strategic and tactical solutions 3.3.2 Roots as water foragers 3.4 Carbon dioxide 3.4.1 C₃, C₄ and CAM APPLICATION 3.2 Turning to CAM crops APPLICATION 3.3 Genetic engineering of CCMs into crops 3.4.2 The response of plants to changing atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ APPLICATION 3.4 Harmful effects of plants’ responses to CO₂ enrichment 3.5 Mineral nutrients 3.6 Oxygen – and its alternatives APPLICATION 3.5 Permafrost, methanogenic anaerobic respiration and global warming 3.7 Organisms as food resources 3.7.1 The nutritional contents of plants and animals and their extraction 3.8 A classification of resources, and the ecological niche 3.8.1 Categories of resources 3.8.2 Resource dimensions of the ecological niche 3.9 A metabolic theory of ecology Страница 90 Chapter 4 Matters of Life and Death 4.1 An ecological fact of life 4.2 Individuals 4.2.1 Unitary and modular organisms 4.2.2 Growth forms of modular organisms 4.2.3 Senescence – or the lack of it – in modular organisms 4.2.4 Integration 4.3 Counting individuals 4.4 Life cycles APPLICATION 4.1 Seed banks and the restoration of forested wetlands 4.5 Dormancy 4.5.1 Dormancy in animals: diapause 4.5.2 Dormancy in plants 4.6 Monitoring birth and death: life tables, survivorships curves and fecundity schedules 4.6.1 Cohort life tables 4.6.2 Survivorship curves APPLICATION 4.2 The survivorship curves of captive mammals 4.6.3 Static life tables 4.6.4 The importance of modularity 4.7 Reproductive rates, generation lengths and rates of increase 4.7.1 Relationships between the variables 4.7.2 Estimating the variables from life tables and fecundity schedules 4.8 Population projection models 4.8.1 Population projection matrices 4.8.2 Life table response experiments APPLICATION 4.3 Customised conservation of northern wheatears 4.8.3 Sensitivity and elasticity analysis APPLICATION 4.4 Elasticity analysis and population management Страница 117 Chapter 5 Intraspecific Competition 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Exploitation and interference 5.2 Intraspecific competition, and density‐dependent mortality, fecundity and growth 5.2.1 Density‐dependent mortality and fecundity 5.2.2 Intraspecific competition and density‐dependent growth APPLICATION 5.1 Optimal sowing rates for conservation 5.2.3 Density or crowding? 5.3 Quantifying intraspecific competition 5.4 Intraspecific competition and the regulation of population size 5.4.1 Carrying capacities 5.4.2 Net recruitment curves 5.4.3 Sigmoidal growth curves APPLICATION 5.2 Human population growth and a global carrying capacity 5.5 Mathematical models: introduction 5.6 A model with discrete breeding seasons 5.6.1 Basic equations 5.6.2 What type of competition? 5.6.3 Time lags 5.6.4 Incorporating a range of competition 5.6.5 Chaos 5.6.6 Stochastic models 5.7 Continuous breeding: the logistic equation 5.8 Individual differences: asymmetric competition 5.8.1 Size inequalities 5.8.2 The generation and dilution of size inequalities 5.8.3 Asymmetry enhances regulation 5.8.4 Territoriality APPLICATION 5.3 Reintroduction of territorial vultures 5.9 Self‐thinning 5.9.1 Dynamic thinning lines 5.9.2 Species and population boundary lines 5.9.3 A single boundary line for all species? 5.9.4 An areal basis for self‐thinning 5.9.5 A resource‐allocation basis for thinning boundaries APPLICATION 5.4 Density management diagrams {buyButton}

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