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Influence campaigns are social engineering attacks that attempt to guide, adjust, or change public opinion. Although such attacks might be undertaken by hackers against individuals or organizations, most influence campaigns seem to be waged by nation-states against their real or perceived foreign enemies.

Influence campaigns are linked to the distribution of disinformation, propaganda, false information, “fake news,” and even the activity of doxing. Misleading, incomplete, crafted, and altered information can be used as part of an influence campaign to adjust the perception of readers and viewers to the concepts, thoughts, and ideologies of the influencer. These tactics have been used by invaders for centuries to turn a population against their own government. In the current digital information age, influence campaigns are easier to wage than ever before and some of the perpetrators are domestic. Modern influence campaigns don't need to rely on distribution of printed materials but can digitally transmit the propaganda directly to the targets.

Doxing is the collection of information about an individual or an organization (which can also include governments and the military) in order to disclose the collected data publicly for the purpose of chaining the perception of the target. Doxing can include withholding of information that contradicts the intended narrative of the attacker. Doxing can fabricate or alter information to place false accusations against the target. Doxing has been an unfortunately effective tool against individuals and organizations deployed by hackers, hacktivists, journalists, and governments alike.