Читать книгу (ISC)2 CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study Guide - Mike Chapple - Страница 149

It is also important to perform periodic content reviews of all training materials. Reviews help ensure that the training materials and presentation stay in line with business goals, organizational mission, and security objectives. This periodic evaluation of training materials also provides the opportunity to adjust focus, add/remove topics, and integrate new training techniques into the courseware.

Additionally, new bold and subtle methods and techniques to present awareness and training should be implemented to keep the content fresh and relevant. Without periodic reviews for content relevancy, materials will become stale and workers will likely resort to making up their own guidelines and procedures. It is the responsibility of the security governance team to establish security rules as well as provide training and education to further the implementation of those rules.

Troubleshooting personnel issues should include verifying that all personnel have attended awareness training on standard foundational security behaviors and requirements, evaluating the access and activity logs of users, and determining whether violations were intentional, coerced, accidental, or due to ignorance.

A policy violation occurs when a user breaks a rule. Users must be trained on the organization's policies and know their specific responsibilities with regard to abiding by those security rules. If a violation occurs, an internal investigation should evaluate whether it was an accident or an intentional event. If accidental, the worker should be trained on how to avoid the accident in the future, and new countermeasures may need to be implemented. If intentional, the severity of the issue may dictate a range of responses, including retraining, reassignment, and termination.

An example of a policy violation is the distribution of an internal company memo to external entities via a social network posting. Depending on the content of the memo, this could be a minor violation (such as posting a memo due to humorous or pointless content according to the worker) or a major issue (such as posting a memo that discloses a company secret or private information related to customers).

Company policy violations are not always the result of an accident or oversight on the part of the worker, nor are they always an intentional malicious choice. In fact, many internal breaches of company security are the result of intentional manipulation by malicious third parties.

Training and awareness program effectiveness evaluation should take place on an ongoing or continuous basis. Never assume that just because a worker was marked as attending or completing a training event they actually learned anything or will be changing their behavior. Some means of verification should be used to measure whether the training is beneficial or a waste of time and resources. In some circumstances, a quiz or test can be administered to workers immediately after a training session. A follow-up quiz should be performed three to six months later to see if they retained the information presented in the training. Event and incident logs should be reviewed for the rate of occurrences of security violations due to employee actions and behaviors to see if there is any noticeable difference in the rate of occurrence or trends of incidents before and after a training presentation. Good training (and teachable employees) would be confirmed with a marked difference in user behaviors, especially a reduction of security infractions. High scores on subsequent security quizzes months later demonstrate that security concepts are retained. A combination of these processes of evaluation can help determine if a training or awareness program is being effective and is reducing the security incident rate and related response and management costs. A well-designed, engaging, and successful security training program should result in a measurable reduction in employee-related security incident management costs, hopefully far exceeding the cost of the training program itself. This would therefore be a good return on security investment (ROSI).