| Contents |
| About the Author | vii |
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| Part I. Background | 1 |
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| Chapter 1. Connections Between Buddhism and Historical Chinese Culture | 3 |
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| Part II. A Brief Introduction to the Contents of Buddhist Study | 19 |
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| Chapter 2. The Background of Indian Culture | 20 |
| Chapter 3. The Contribution to Humankind and the World Made by Shakyamuni's Leaving Home and Attaining Enlightenment | 25 |
| Chapter 4. Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana Buddhism | 38 |
| Chapter 5. Mahayana Thought | 49 |
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| Part III. An Outline of the Zen School | 63 |
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| Chapter 6. Zen and Its Roots | 64 |
| Chapter 7. Influences on the Development of Zen Before the Early T'ang Dynasty | 82 |
| Chapter 8. The Sixth Patriarch of Zen | 87 |
| Chapter 9. The Great Flourishing of Zen in the Early T'ang Dynasty | 103 |
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| Part IV. Some Keys to Studying Zen | 113 |
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| Chapter 10. On the Use of Colloquialisms | 114 |
| Chapter 11. Understanding Some Important Technical Terms | 118 |
| Chapter 12. Important Points in Reading Zen Classics | 131 |
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| Part V. The Heart and Goal of Zen | 147 |
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| Chapter 13. The True Goal of Zen Study | 148 |
| Chapter 14. The Process of Zen: Mental Work and Insight | 155 |
| Chapter 15. Nirvana and the Aim of Zen | 173 |
| Chapter 16. On the Zen Fashion of Emphasizing Concentration on a Word or Saying During and After the Sung and Yuan Dynasties | 182 |
| Chapter 17. The Doctrine of the Three Barriers and the Realm of Zen Investigative Meditation Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties | 191 |
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| Part VI. The Relationship Between Zen and Neo-Confucianism | 195 |
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| Chapter 18. The Sources of Zen Buddhism's Influence on Neo-Confucianism | 196 |
| Chapter 19. Neo-Confucianism and the Sayings and Doings of the Zen Masters | 208 |
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| Part VII. Zen and Chinese Literature | 219 |
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| Chapter 20. Zen and the Evolution of the Realm of Ideas in Literature of the Sui and T'ang Dynasties and Thereafter | 220 |
| Chapter 21. The Importance of the Relationship of Zen and Literature | 253 |
