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MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN OF FERTILE AGE

(Scientific supervisor: Aidos Tlemissov, PhD

NCJSC «Semey medical university», Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan)

Reproductive health – the absence of diseases of the reproductive system or disorders of the reproductive function, with the possibility of carrying out reproductive processes with complete physical, mental and social welfare.

The reproductive health of family members depends on the level of somatic health of the spouses and their physical development, burdened reproductive history of the spouses (gynecological and urological diseases), the degree of intra-family conflict in relation to childbearing, contraceptive methods and artificial abortions. The risk factors for the formation of the pathology of the reproductive system include:

– unfavorable heredity;

– social factors;

– somatic diseases;

– acute and chronic stress;

– congenital and acquired diseases of the genitals;

– pathology of puberty;

– acute and chronic infections;

– irrational nutrition;

– complications of pregnancy and childbirth.

Of the social factors that have an adverse effect on the reproductive health of the population (women), the most important are:

– social tension, instability, maladjustment, poor material and living conditions;

– lack of moral principles in society, transformation of the reproductive behavior of adolescents;

– the growth of sexually transmitted diseases;

– bad habits (alcohol, drug addiction, smoking);

– pregnancy outside of marriage;

– high abortion rate.

Qualitative indicators for assessing a woman’s health status (including reproductive health) include:

– birth rate, death rate, natural population growth;

– maternal mortality;

– frequency of extragenital pathology during pregnancy;

– the nature of gestational complications (miscarriage, gestosis) and complications of the birth act (bleeding, surgical interventions, purulent-inflammatory diseases);

– level of coverage of women of childbearing age with modern methods of contraception;

– number of abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age;

– frequency of infertility in marriage;

– perinatal and infant mortality.

If earlier most of the problems of the reproductive period were associated with miscarriage, now the couple is faced with the task of avoiding unwanted pregnancies, giving birth to desired children, regulating the intervals between pregnancies, controlling the choice of the time of birth depending on age of parents and determine the number of children in the family. The relationship of these parameters characterizes the reproductive behavior of a woman and ensures her reproductive health. Humanity is currently burdened with a burden of hereditary diseases. Some of them are manifested in an explicit form, others – in the form of a so-called hereditary predisposition. Reproductive disorders associated with genetic factors or pathological changes in the immunological relationship between mother and fetus can manifest themselves in the form of infertility (missed pregnancy), early and late miscarriage, hemolytic disease of the newborn, etc. Various harmful environmental factors (physical, chemical, biological) can lead to the occurrence of congenital malformations due to violations of the hereditary apparatus (mutations, chromosome aberrations) in the gametes of parents or more distant ancestors, as well as as a result of their influence through the mother’s body on a blastocyst or an embryo with a violation of the processes of its development.

Further development and improvement of medical technologies (methods of assisted reproductive technology, preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis, modification of endoscopic operations) is required on the basis of fundamental research in the field of reproduction and the introduction of new medical equipment in practical healthcare. The solution of medical aspects, however, can be carried out only on the condition that the latest achievements of medical science become available not to the elite, but to the majority of doctors and patients.