Читать книгу The National Trails - Paddy Dillon - Страница 10

INTRODUCTION

The broad waters of Langdon Beck are followed past isolated whitewashed farms (Day 10, Pennine Way)

I never consciously set out to walk all the national trails in Britain. Events just turned out that way, and not just once, either, but twice! I’m not complaining, though, as I enjoy long-distance walking immensely and I can’t think of a better way to explore the country. Travelling by train or car, the scenery flashes past and there is no real sense of connection with it. Travelling on foot is a completely different matter. The landscape is real and readily to hand, and can be viewed at leisure, and touched, smelled, heard and appreciated both in all its vastness, and in its most secret recesses. There is a sense of change as you pass through the landscape, but there is also the opportunity to stop and appreciate anything along the way simply for its own merit. On the world stage Britain is a tiny country, but those who explore it on foot, day after day, discover a land so vast in its variety that in my opinion it can put whole continents in the shade.

The national trails (known in Scotland as long distance routes, but mainly referred to in this guide as ‘national trails’ for simplicity) wriggle their way through some of Britain’s finest landscapes, making them readily accessible and allowing walkers to explore these areas with relative ease. Of course walkers must put in all the actual footwork, but they travel in the knowledge that the way ahead is open and well blazed, leading them from one splendid vista to another, while taking in heritage features that bring Britain’s long and complex history to life. Charming lowlands give way to bleak uplands, but with careful planning you will end the day in the lap of comfort, with food, drink and a bed for the night.

The trail network is rooted in the British people’s long-standing respect for public access to the countryside, and the national trails stretch the length and breadth of Britain, from the ‘garden of England’ to the ‘larder of Scotland’. They are inextricably intertwined with British history and legend, and you can follow in the footsteps of ancestors who walked some of these trails over 5000 years ago. A few routes start or finish in cities, or pass through them, but most of the time they wander from one small town and village to another, making the most of open spaces. Some trails pass through quite wild and remote countryside, but none of them are beyond the capabilities of reasonably fit and organised walkers. If you can enjoy a full day’s walk and finish in good shape, then you could probably manage another walk the following day without any problem. Even the longest trails are really nothing more than a series of one-day walks.

Walkers approach the national trails in different ways. Some walk at a leisurely pace and return time and time again to complete a long trail over a series of weekends or holidays. Others feel the need to challenge themselves, racing at record speeds from start to finish. Some plan well in advance, while others seize the day and take pot luck over the availability of accommodation. Some carry immense loads and camp in the wilds, while others have their bags carried ahead and stay in luxurious lodgings. The only ‘rule’, it seems, is to cover the distance – the rest is entirely up to you – and with over 5000km (3100 miles) of national trails available, including loops and variants, there is certainly no shortage of distance.

Wanted: A Long Green Trail

You could say it all started on 22 June 1935. An article by the ramblers’ champion Tom Stephenson appeared in the Daily Herald, entitled ‘WANTED: A LONG GREEN TRAIL’. ‘Why should we not press for something akin to the Appalachian Trail?’ he asked. ‘A Pennine Way from the Peak to the Cheviots.’ He imagined that the route would be ‘a faint line on the Ordnance Maps which the feet of grateful pilgrims would, with the passing years, engrave on the face of the land.’ Well, the engraving has gone rather deep in places (you could even claim the route was carved in stone), but that is a testimony to the popularity of long-distance walking in Britain.

Making Trails

It took thirty years of lobbying and hard work to steer the Pennine Way to its official opening in 1965, but the ground was already being prepared for more long-distance trails. The Cleveland Way was declared open in 1969, while in Wales the Pembrokeshire Coast Path was opened in 1970. Running between England and Wales, Offa’s Dyke Path was opened in 1971. Throughout the 1970s, more trails were blazed across the south of England. In 1980 the West Highland Way was the first long distance route to be designated in Scotland. Work continues to this day, with improvements to all the trails, and a long extension north for the Pennine Bridleway. Some trails link end to end, or cross over each other, or are within easy reach of each other, so there are plenty of opportunities for dedicated long-distance walkers to keep trekking through the countryside.

Trail Themes

A walker approaches the Wain Stones on Hasty Bank (Day 3, Cleveland Way)

Britain’s national trails have strong themes, usually based on landscape features or historical events. The South West Coast Path and Pembrokeshire Coast Path are splendid, rich and varied coastal trails, but other trails also include good stretches of coast, such as the Cleveland Way and Norfolk Coast Path. The longest riverside trail is the Thames Path, while other routes within easy reach of London traverse the North Downs and South Downs, twin chalk escarpments that feature wonderfully extensive views, despite being of no great height. The Ridgeway and Peddars Way are two remnants of a Bronze Age coast-to-coast trail that traversed the south of England.

Some trails are strongly linked with a particular person, such as Hadrian’s Wall Path or Offa’s Dyke Path, following ancient frontiers that helped to define the countries that make up Britain. Glyndŵr’s Way wanders through the little-known countryside of mid-Wales chasing the ghost of a mighty warrior. The North Downs Way is based on the former pilgrim’s way that led to the shrine of St Thomas à Becket, while much further north, in Scotland, walkers on the West Highland Way follow a military road engineered by General Caulfeild. None of these people realised that they were laying the foundations of a trail network, but today’s walkers call them to mind as they trek through the countryside.

Low Force comprises a series of small waterfalls near Bowlees in Teesdale (Day 10, Pennine Way)

Many national trails simply strive to scale high hills and traverse lonely moorlands, relishing the sense of open space and fresh air. The Pennine Way was the first to do this, and the Cleveland Way and Offa’s Dyke Path enjoy high and wild landscapes as much as the Southern Upland Way does. Other trails cross much lower hills, such as the Yorkshire Wolds Way, Speyside Way or Great Glen Way. New trails are being added to the network, such as the evolving Pennine Bridleway. There have been calls for the popular ‘unofficial’ Coast to Coast Walk to be honoured with national trail status. Walkers are assured that the national trails offer the chance to explore some of the most scenic and interesting natural and historic landscapes in Britain, in the certain knowledge that access and signposting are maintained in good order throughout.

A waymark post on the descent to the village of Bodfari (Day 10, Offa’s Dyke Path)

Waymarking

The national trails are state funded and, on the whole, very well maintained. Right from the start, with the creation of the Pennine Way, a standard waymark symbol was adopted for use on all the trails developed in England and Wales. An acorn symbol is used exclusively on national trails, so that where complex junctions of paths and tracks occur, the ‘acorn’ will quickly reveal the way forward. In Scotland a thistle waymark symbol is used, and the same principle applies at any complex junctions. Signposts often carry the name of the trail that is being followed, while simple waymark posts may simply bear the appropriate trail symbol and a directional arrow.

Despite being well marked, these trails still require the use of a map and basic navigational skills. Routes are easily lost in fields and woods, or on moorlands in poor visibility, while signposts and marker posts can be damaged or destroyed. When a trail enters a town or city, it is not always obvious how you should pass through the streets to return to the countryside. A decent map, and the ability to read it, will ensure that you stay on the route. Look on the signposts and waymarks as simply a means of confirming that you are still on course.

Path Associations

A few of the national trails have thriving ‘path associations’. The Pennine Way Association is naturally one of the oldest, as is the Offa’s Dyke Association. The South West Coast Path Association arguably has the toughest job, since they lobby in support of the longest of all Britain’s national trails. The path associations are largely made up of people who have walked the route and are therefore in the best possible position to promote it. With a thriving membership, they are able to report problems and get them attended to quickly, working closely with the relevant authorities in each area. They keep an eye on local services, and produce invaluable accommodation guides, often based on the personal recommendation of members and other walkers.

Ideally, every national trail should have a path association, but in fact only a handful do. However, every trail has a ‘path manager’, employed to deal with the many issues relating to a particular trail, and these managers are in direct contact with the authorities that have the funding and manpower to attend to these issues.

Maps

Detailed Ordnance Survey maps cover every national trail in Britain, and a list of these is included in this guidebook with each trail description. Walkers who want a lot of detail should use the Explorer series, which at a scale of 1:25,000 shows virtually every wall, fence and building along the way. Others will be happy to use the Landranger series, at a scale of 1:50,000, which is adequate on well-signposted routes, even though less detail is shown. For full details see www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk.

A–Z Adventure Atlases cover some National Trails using OS Explorer mapping in the form of books, so that large sheets of paper don’t have to be unfolded. Between one and five atlases are required, depending on the length of the trail, www.az.co.uk.

Harveys, an independent map maker, produces strip maps at a scale of 1:40,000 covering many of the national trails. The advantage of these maps is that they are waterproof, show dedicated information for each trail, and drastically cut down the bulk of mapping required. For full details see www.harveymaps.co.uk.

Ordnance Survey mapping is available in digital form, suitable for viewing on home computers, as well as for use outdoors on devices such as smartphones and tablets, which may have GPS capability. While using digital mapping can save carrying a bundle of paper maps, it is essential to keep devices charged and safe from damage. Harvey Maps offer digital versions of many of their national trail maps.

Guidebooks

Each of the national trails originally had an ‘official’ guidebook published by Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, containing Ordnance Survey mapping at 1:25,000. In recent years, in England and Wales, Aurum Press (www.aurumpress.co.uk) took over publishing these titles. In Scotland the publisher Birlinn (www.birlinn.co.uk) acquired titles. Almost every national trail has a guidebook published by Cicerone (www.cicerone.co.uk) and these include extracts of Ordnance Survey Landranger mapping at 1:50,000. Cicerone guidebooks are available both as printed books and in digital form as ebooks, including some in Kindle format.

Heavy seas pound the natural rock arch of the Green Bridge on the Castlemartin Ranges (Day 10, Pembrokeshire Coast Path)

Throughout this book, guides containing OS maps or similar mapping are listed, though some trails have simpler guides too. Most trail guidebooks offer detailed commentaries on the routes as well as notes about the landscape, its history, heritage and wildlife. Guides often have different angles and walkers should ideally browse through all of them to find out which best meet their needs.

Long-distance Laughs

No matter which trail you walk, or how much you suffer, you’ll always find someone suffering more than you. There must be something about long-distance walking that compels some people to keep trekking when they’d be better advised to quit. A certain grim stoicism seems to sustain them when the going gets tough, and this has led to the publication of a small sub-genre of long-distance walking books with a distinct humour all of their own. Those who are struggling, or feel they may struggle once they start, or those who wonder if anyone has ever suffered as badly as they are suffering, should realise that they are not alone and read one or all of the following:

 One Man and his Bog, by Barry Pilton, Corgi

 Pennine Walkies, by Mark Wallington, Arrow

 500 Mile Walkies, by Mark Wallington, Arrow.

Websites

The main online resource for all the national trails in England and Wales is www.nationaltrail.co.uk. This site gives links to the ‘official’ sites for each national trail, where abundant up-to-date information can be discovered. Most of the sites include accommodation details and plenty of other practical notes that are useful for anyone planning a trek. In Scotland, the four original classic ‘long-distance routes’ are now part of a wider selection of trails known as Scotland’s Great Trails, covered by the website www.scotlandsgreattrails.org.uk. Walkers who search the web for information will of course be able to find plenty of other resources, including ‘blog’-type accounts written and illustrated by walkers who have trekked the trails. (See also Appendix A, Useful Contacts.)

Accommodation

When the Pennine Way was opened in 1965 it was generally assumed that the majority of walkers would carry full packs and camp at intervals along the trail. Many did, but there was also good provision of youth hostels along the way, and the Youth Hostels Association once offered a service allowing walkers to book all their bed-nights in one fell swoop. Things have changed over the years, and while there are still plenty who camp, the provision of hostels has been drastically reduced. Many now choose to stay in bed-and-breakfast accommodation, and some are quite happy to pay someone else to make all the arrangements for them, booking their long-distance walk through commercial trekking companies.

Some national trails are eminently suitable for backpacking and camping, but others have very few campsites. Some trails have far more youth hostels than others, but Glyndŵr’s Way has none at all. Anyone planning to stay indoors every night will have to mix and match several types of accommodation. All the ‘official’ trail websites include searchable accommodation lists, and it is wise to refer to these at an early stage of planning. Some locations may offer plenty of lodgings, but may also be very popular and likely to completely run out of space in high summer. Other crucial stops may have nothing more than a single, small bed and breakfast, and if you can’t get your name on a bed, then your entire trip might fall apart because of it. The Southern Upland Way has some very long distances between services, and walkers will either have to cover that distance, camp in between, or spend a night at a bothy to get a roof over their heads. Careful planning will ensure that you have a bed each night.

The bracken slopes of Hergest Ridge rise above the village of Gladestry (Day 4, Offa’s Dyke Path)

I’m sure there are many who would love to walk a national trail, but find themselves overwhelmed by the minutiae of planning. For these people, all is not lost, since many trails are covered by commercial trekking companies who will, at a price, make all the arrangements. Usually, these are ‘self-guided’ treks, where walkers take care of their own navigation along the trail, with all their meals and accommodation booked and waiting for them. Some companies ensure that luggage is transported from place to place, so that walkers can travel light, carrying nothing more than a day-sack. If this appeals, then by all means make further enquiries, but the extra services come at a price, and not every trail is covered. In a very few instances, it may be possible to join a guided party along a national trail, but this is very rare.

Food and Drink

The national trails run through such rich and varied countryside that it is unsurprising to find services along the way can also be very varied. When a trail passes through a city or town, it is safe to assume that there will be abundant offers of food and drink, so there is no need to carry excess weight. While many villages will have a shop or two, and perhaps a pub and restaurant, many others will have absolutely nothing to offer the passing wayfarer, and you need to know in advance what you are likely to find. There is little point carrying huge loads of food past lots of convenient shops, but it is much worse to have no food at all, and no chance of buying any.

Gritstone outcrops jut from the bleak moors around Gorple and Widdop (Day 6, Pennine Bridleway)

Rural services are in decline in some places, and increasing in others. Check the ‘official’ website for each trail to discover the likely availability of services such as pubs, restaurants, cafés and shops. However, also be aware that the provision of services can change, with businesses opening in some places and closing in others. Bear in mind that some shops and pubs in rural areas open and close at odd hours, and even a thriving town might observe a rigorous half-day closing. It is a good idea to make sure you always have a little extra food in your pack, just to cover emergencies. (I once walked into a village and headed for a shop that I knew from previous visits, only to find it had closed its doors for the last time just two days earlier!)

Tourist Information Centres

Walking into a tourist information centre to ask for detailed route directions will generally cause raised eyebrows – use your map and guidebook for all that! However, TICs are the best places to head if you need any kind of hard, local, up-to-date information. If you are travelling and taking pot luck on the availability of accommodation, then most TICs will be able to help you find a bed. The expertise of TIC staff can save you a huge amount of time and frustration walking from door to door, or making expensive rounds of phone calls. If you need information about local attractions and public transport, they can help, and they usually keep detailed notes of opening times for museums and heritage centres, along with admission prices. Many TICs are good sources of local maps and guides, if you find yourself in an area that you may want to return to and explore more thoroughly in the future.