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Children are not simply “small adults”, they are influenced by a variety of developmental, pharmacological, and physiological changes that influence the delivery of anesthesia (see Chapter 26: Pediatric Anesthesia). In addition to a regular history, ask about the pregnancy and birth history, premature delivery and its complications, and the presence of any known syndromes or organ dysfunction in the child. The preoperative visit is especially important for children as it provides an opportunity to familiarize the child with procedures that will take place in the OR. Consider that the child may benefit from oral premedication with a benzodiazepine as well as the application of a topical local anesthetic applied to potential intravenous access sites. Finally, discuss the potential for parental presence during induction of anesthesia.