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GLOSSARY

ajami—Languages other than Arabic written in Arabic script

al-ḥājj—Honorific title for someone who has performed the pilgrimage to Mecca

alkali (Hausa)—Judge

Bilād al-Sūdān—Land of the blacks, that is, sub-Saharan Africa and specifically the Sahel and savanna

birni (Hausa)—Walled town

bori (Hausa)—Spirit-possession cult

caffa (Hausa)—Land grants based on clientage

ceddo—Warlords, military governments of the western Bilād al-Sūdān

diwal—Provinces of Fuuta Jalon

fadama (Hausa)—Irrigated land

Fulani (Hausa)—Fulbe

gandu (Hausa)—Plantation, depending on context; land worked collaboratively on the basis of kinship

gona (Hausa)—Farm

Ḥadīth—Oral traditions of the Prophet Muhammad

hijra—Flight, withdrawal of the Muslim community to a sanctuary

hurumi (Hausa)—Land grants based on clientage

imām—The leader in prayer at mosques; by extension, the leader of the Muslim community

jamāʿa—Muslim community

jihād—Muslim holy war

ribāṭ—Fortified town, often on a frontier

rinji (Hausa)—Plantation

rumde—Slave estates, plantations; also rimaibé

salafi—Adherence to strict interpretation of Islamic law and rejection of innovation

sarki (Hausa)—King, chief; but when used with a specific title, sarkin, as in sarkin gandu

sarkin bori (Hausa)—Chief of the bori spirit possession cult

sarkin gandu—Overseer of a plantation, i.e., “chief of the gandu,” i.e., plantation

Sayfawa—The dynasty of Borno

Sharīʿa—Islamic law

shurfa—Claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad

ṣūfī—An adherent of Sufism, a mystical approach to Islam

ṭarīqa—Sūfī brotherhood, for example, Qādiriyya, Tijāniyya

tawaye (Hausa)—Rebellion, specifically in 1817

tungazi—Plantation in Nupe

wathīqat—Document

zane (Hausa)—A woman’s body cloth

zawāyā—Muslim clerical communities in the southern Sahara