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Table of Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
2 Introduction to the First Edition
3 Introduction to the Second Edition
5 ONE: Beginnings Wandering Stars The Earth‐Centered Universe Measuring Distances and Sizes The Central Sun Newton and Gravity What Is A Planet? The Solar System The Birth of the Solar System Rocky Planets Gas Giants and Ice Giants Migrating Planets Planetary Satellites The Heliosphere The Future Questions Notes
6 TWO: Sun The Birth of the Sun The Sun as a Star The Solar Spectrum Nuclear Fusion The Structure of the Sun The Core and the Radiative Zone The Interface Layer (Tachocline) The Convective Zone The Photosphere The Chromosphere Spicules The Transition Region The Corona Coronal Heating The Magnetic Sun Sunspots Sunspot Cycles Solar Wind Flares Classification of Solar Flares Coronal Mass Ejections The Sun's Future Questions Notes
7 THREE: Earth Orbit and Rotation Seasons Surface Temperature Atmosphere Troposphere The Ozone Hole Upper Atmosphere Atmospheric Circulation Zonal Winds Tropical Cyclones Ocean Currents El Niño and La Niña Monsoons Ice Ages Climate Change Size and Density Interior Surface Features Plate Tectonics Volcanoes Mountains The Blue Planet Deserts Biosphere Impacts Extinctions Magnetic Field Questions Notes
8 FOUR: The Moon Phases Lunar Eclipses Day and Night on the Moon Physical Characteristics Near Side, Far Side Major Impact Basins Maria Mare Rocks Highlands Lunar Craters Volcanic Domes and Pyroclastics Sinuous Rilles Linear Rilles Present‐day Volcanism? Regolith and Moon Dust Internal Structure Magnetic Fields Surface Resources Lunar Water Atmosphere Geological History The Birth of the Moon Questions Notes
9 FIVE: Mercury Apparitions of Mercury Orbit Phases Transits Spin‐Orbit Resonance Two‐Year Days and Double Sunsets Hot Spots Surface Observations Size, Mass, and Density The Iron Planet Origin Magnetic Mercury A Varied Surface Surface History Impact Craters Impact Basins Caloris Basin Volcanism and Hollows Lobate Scarps and Global Contraction Polar Ice? Atmosphere Questions Notes
10 SIX: Venus Orbit and Size Phases Transits Rotation Period Atmospheric Composition Runaway Greenhouse Acid Clouds Atmospheric Circulation and Super‐rotation Polar Vortices and Gravity Waves Physical Characteristics The Hidden Surface Ishtar Terra Aphrodite Terra Weathering and Erosion Impact Craters Volcanic Activity Coronae and Arachnoids Tectonics A One Plate Planet? Magnetic Field Questions Notes
11 SEVEN: Mars Sols and Seasons Physical Characteristics Interior Impact Features North–South Divide Tectonics Volcanism Tharsis Giants Valles Marineris Plains Polar Regions Permafrost Pedestal Craters Glaciation Outflow Channels Valley Networks, Lakes, and Deltas Unexplained Gullies A Mars Ocean? Hydrated Compounds A Windblown Desert Dust Storms Dust Devils Atmosphere Magnetic Field Solar Wind Interaction Auroras Meteorites from Mars Life on Mars? Phobos and Deimos Questions Notes
12 EIGHT: Jupiter Orbit and Physical Characteristics Zones and Belts Atmospheric Composition The Great Red Spot Merging Storms Red Junior Turbulent Poles Interior Magnetic Field Jupiter's Auroras and Io The Galilean Moons Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Inner Satellites Outer Satellites Questions Notes
13 NINE: Saturn Winds and Cloud Bands Cloud Decks Saturn Storms Polar Hot Spots and a Hexagon Interior Magnetic Field Auroras and Radiation Belts Discovering Saturn's Rings Multiple Rings A and B Rings Spokes C and D Rings F Ring Outer Rings Satellites Orange Titan Chemical Factory Seasonal Changes Methane Clouds Rivers and Lakes Dunes, Mountains, Volcanoes, and Craters Tiger Stripes on Enceladus Other Major Moons Spongy Hyperion Two‐Toned Iapetus Phoebe Small Satellites Questions Notes
14 TEN: Uranus Discovery The Seventh Planet Atmosphere Clouds and Storms Interior Missing Heat Magnetic Surprise Major Satellites Miranda Rings Chaotic Inner Moons Remote Moons Questions Notes
15 ELEVEN: Neptune The Eighth Planet Atmosphere Interior Magnetic Field Triton Small Satellites Rings and Arcs Questions Notes
16 TWELVE: Pluto and the Kuiper Belt The Edgeworth‐Kuiper Belt The Classification of Kuiper Belt Objects Surfaces The Largest KBOs Peculiar KBOs Binaries Puzzling Pluto – Key to the Kuiper Belt Orbit Seasons Pluto's Surface Ices Pluto's Icy Heart Sputnik Planitia and Pluto's Reorientation Interior Pluto's Atmosphere Charon Pluto's Smaller Satellites The Origin of the Pluto System Questions Notes
17 THIRTEEN: Comets, Asteroids, and Meteorites Asteroid Origins Impacts and Rubble Asteroid Families and Kirkwood Gaps Asteroid Moons Ceres Vesta Other Large Asteroids Trojan Asteroids Near‐Earth Asteroids The Impact Threat to Earth Tunguska Meteorites The Origin of Meteorites Types of Meteorites Meteorites from the Moon and Mars Meteors Long‐Haired Stars Icy Dirtballs or Dirty Snowballs? Comet 67P Churyumov‐Gerasimenko Breaking Up Is Easy To Do Centaurs Comet or Asteroid? Main Belt Comets Sungrazing Comets The Riddle of Stardust Periodic Comets The Oort Cloud Questions Notes
18 FOURTEEN: Exoplanets Beta Pictoris Dusty Disks Disk Evolution and Exoplanet Formation Brown Dwarfs or Exoplanets? Detecting Exoplanets: Radial Velocity Transits Direct Imaging Astrometry Gravitational Microlensing Weird Worlds Hot Jupiters Earth‐Like Planets and Super‐Earths Multi‐Planet Systems Exoplanet Moons Alien Life? SETI Questions Notes
19 Appendices Appendix 1: Planetary Data Appendix 2: Satellite Data Appendix 3: Planetary Rings Appendix 4: The Largest Known Trans‐Neptunian Objects Appendix 5: Lunar and Planetary Missions Appendix 6: Lunar and Planetary Firsts
20 Glossary
21 Further Reading General Chapter 1: Beginnings Chapter 2: The Sun Chapter 3: Earth Chapter 4: The Moon Chapter 5: Mercury Chapter 6: Venus Chapter 7: Mars Chapter 8: Jupiter Chapter 9: Saturn Chapter 10: Uranus Chapter 11: Neptune Chapter 12: Pluto & Kuiper Belt Chapter 13: Comets, Asteroids and Meteorites Chapter 14: Exoplanets
22 Index
