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In this chapter, we have discussed the importance of wheat and briefly explained some of the reasons for that importance in terms of the diversity of wheat adaptation and of wheat use. In the next four chapters we will explore the environmental requirements and sustainability of wheat production. The chapter headings reflect what has always been known by wheat farmers: that for high yields you need a good soil, ample water, mild temperatures, and sunshine. Chapter 6 (Canopy management) evaluates farming practices associated with increasing land‐use efficiency. In subsequent chapters we return to the wheat grain and its use, with respect to grain development and composition (Chapter 7); grain processing and flour functionality (Chapter 8); and the role of wheat in diet and health (Chapter 9). We conclude with a chapter on modern breeding methods and targets for further sustaining wheat production and its use for food security.