Читать книгу Foundations of Chemistry - Philippa B. Cranwell - Страница 69

The third principal quantum shell in an atom contains an s orbital (3s), three p orbitals (3p), and five d orbitals (3d). The shapes of the d orbitals are shown in Figure 1.8. These are slightly more complex than p orbitals and again point in different directions along the x, y, and z axes. Four of the d orbitals have a similar shape (although three have lobes that point between the axes and the fourth has lobes that point along the axes). The fifth d orbital (d_z2) has a dumb‐bell shape with a donut ring around the middle. Again, each d orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, so the maximum number of d electrons in any one energy level is 10. Elements that have outer electrons in d orbitals are found in the d block of the periodic table.

Figure 1.8 (a) The d_xy orbital; (b) the d_xz orbital; (c) the d_yz orbital; (d) the d_x2–y²orbital; (e) the d_z2 orbital.