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In the field of complexity, the presence of deterministic chaos in electronic circuits and signal processing is known to many automation engineers [EEA 95]. Without going into detail, we have simplified the representation of the new paradigms to be implemented and positioned them in a graph. The aim here is to switch from the “standard” system to “OKP” (One-of-a-Kind Production). In this context, the concepts developed above will have an impact on the methods and tools used to control and manage production systems. As indicated in Figure 1.4, there is an opposition of characteristics, resulting in a conflict between capabilities and goals.

Figure 1.4. Positioning of paradigms in production management

In view of the new constraints observed in industry and the changing needs of consumers, it will be necessary to increase both the possibility of producing specific devices, also known as “attributes” (and no longer “finished products”), personalized, in small quantities and on demand, with maximum efficiency.

In short, and this is a change, clients are becoming inflexible, while production systems and products must be more flexible and adaptable. In case of difficulties, we will even say that it is a supply crisis and not a demand crisis. The initial approach consists of developing and using information technologies as a factor of innovation and resolution. However, these only concern process automation and are based on concepts and information theories that have certainly evolved and led us to JIT (Just-In-Time), CIM (Computer-Integrated Manufacturing), FMS (Flexible Manufacturing Systems) and so on. Thanks to robotics too, we have been able to improve the flexibility of production systems, scheduling techniques, etc.

Processes have therefore benefited from these developments and have seen their performance increase. However, as systems evolve towards greater complexity and these evolutions have their limits, it follows a simple observation: the difficulties we encounter are not technological in nature, but involve, when they are resolved, a change in logistical and organizational approaches. In fact, it will be necessary to introduce a paradigm shift such as fractal chaos or self-organization.