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1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The demonstration of the passive and active locomotor system. Sou...Figure 1.2 Functional description of the brain motor cortex.Figure 1.3 Appearance and components of Kinect version 1. Source: Evan‐Amos,...Figure 1.4 The pinhole camera model of Kinect version 1 [373]. Source: From ...Figure 1.5 An example of the projected pattern of bright spots on an object ...Figure 1.6 Appearance of Kinect version 2. Source: Evan‐Amos, Image taken fr...Figure 1.7 The physiotherapist monitoring the exercise on his patient remote...Figure 1.8 Pictures of animals. Sources: (a) Xsens; (b) Amazon; (c) MotionNo...Figure 1.9 Locations of five sensors worn by a subject. Source: Cancela et a...Figure 1.10 Pictures of animals. Source: Durfee et al. [102]. © 2009, ASME....Figure 1.11 Marker‐based hand tacking system. Source: Cordella et al. [78]....Figure 1.12 The process of predicting clinical scores from 14 features.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Virtual human mimicking the movements of a real human with data c...Figure 2.2 (a) Four instances where the two Kinect systems may have missing ...Figure 2.3 Information theoretic assessment of Kinect^© orientation.Figure 2.4 Filter performance improvement against multiple Kinects^© sub...Figure 2.5 The relationship between , α and M in the cases with and wi...Figure 2.6 Experimental setup: Vicon and Multi‐Kinect^© system. Source: ...Figure 2.7 Averaged RMSEs ( , ) over the same type of exercises conducted b...Figure 2.8 Averaged relative improvement percentages ( , ) of multi‐Kinect^©...Figure 2.9 Errors of two‐Kinect^© fusion with missing data. The temporal...Figure 2.10 Cloud‐based exercise monitoring and performance assessment with ...Figure 2.11 Average RMSE and performance measures of two Kinect‐fusions with...Figure 2.12 Three‐level syntactic description framework for building languag...Figure 2.13 Shape model. Here the locus of points in the 2D κ‐τ sp...Figure 2.14 Dynamic model. Here the speed along the trajectory, v, is indexe...Figure 2.15 Three motions used in experiments of this work. (a, b) Linear mo...Figure 2.16 Two helical trajectories with the same orientation and shape, bu...Figure 2.17 Shape models: (a) for the trajectory in Figure 2.16(a) and (b) f...Figure 2.18 Dynamic models: (a) for the trajectory in Figure 2.16(a), (b) fo...Figure 2.19 Examples of commonly used techniques with features considered fo...Figure 2.20 A diagrammatic view of the experimental setup.Figure 2.21 Real‐data experiment setup image. The top image shows the setup ...Figure 2.22 These three graphs show trajectories in three levels. The left o...Figure 2.23 The smoothness level of trajectories, which is represented by on...Figure 2.24 The metric given by these approaches tends to illustrate the con...Figure 2.25 Sensitivity comparison of the five approaches with respect to th...Figure 2.26 Robustness comparison of the five approaches with respect to the...Figure 2.27 Examples of trajectories (first three rows), shape models, inclu...Figure 2.28 The distributions of durations utilised to finish the reaching t...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the algorithm.Figure 3.2 RMSE of the estimated angle.Figure 3.3 The error in estimated angle against the uncertainty bias ( ).Figure 3.4 The RMSE subjected to introduced noise.Figure 3.5 Percentage improvement due to quaternion optimisation.Figure 3.6 Experiment setup and procedure: the sensor and marker are worn on...Figure 3.7 RMSE in angle estimation for forward extension exercise in compar...Figure 3.8 Filter performance comparison: RMSE in angle estimation for the u...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Position of phalangeal joints. Source: Trieu Pham.Figure 4.2 For a fixed base position of the metacarpal phalangeal joint , t...Figure 4.3 The Creative Senz3D Camera. Source: Trieu Pham.Figure 4.4 Setup of the measurement system.Figure 4.5 Geometry model of the finger.Figure 4.6 Simulation results for accuracy improvement of the TAM and PIP.Figure 4.7 The left hand of the man was measured by our system. Source: Trie...Figure 4.8 Extension and flexion positions of the hand in the tracking appli...Figure 4.9 Parametric description for the index finger.Figure 4.10 Simulation of a reachable space of fingertips for a normal hand ...Figure 4.11 Finger model in the finger plane.Figure 4.12 Reachable space of fingertips in two dimensions is built using b...Figure 4.13 Measurement results of three declination angles of the index fin...Figure 4.14 Measurement results of three declination angles are represented ...Figure 4.15 Measurement results represented in the form of a reachable space...Figure 4.16 The task‐specific sub‐spaces associated with the task‐specific p...Figure 4.17 Range of movements of participants 6, 7 and 10 and the functiona...Figure 4.18 Range of movements of the 6th, 7th and 10th participants and the...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 I/Q Imbalance simulation and results evaluation.Figure 5.2 (a) One‐dimensional filter bank for wavelet transformation; (b) m...Figure 5.3 Doppler radar system and signal processing flow. Source: Yee Sion...Figure 5.4 Environment setup for seated position experiments using Gu [126]....Figure 5.5 Breathing patterns from a voluntary asthmatic subject (datas 1 an...Figure 5.6 Ratio of breathing components.Figure 5.7 DTW evaluation.Figure 5.8 Normal breathing signal (from top to bottom): raw radar signal; f...Figure 5.9 Spectral density (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform for norma...Figure 5.10 Normalised respiration belt signal versus normalised filtered ra...Figure 5.11 Spectral density (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) pl...Figure 5.12 Spectral density (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform for Chey...Figure 5.13 Spectral density (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) pl...Figure 5.14 Cheyne‐Stokes breathing signal (from top to bottom): raw radar s...Figure 5.15 Spectral density (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) pl...Figure 5.16 Mixture of signal characteristic from Doppler radar measurement ...Figure 5.17 Experiment 1: deep breaths followed by apnoea: (a) filtered rada...Figure 5.18 Experiment 2: normal breaths followed by deep breaths: (a) filte...Figure 5.19 Experiment 3: deep breaths followed by normal breaths: (a) filte...Figure 5.20 Scatterplot between a radar signal and spirometer reading: (from...Figure 5.21 Environment setup for experiment trials.Figure 5.22 Analysis of DWT: (a) signal mixture of breathing, apnoea and jer...Figure 5.23 (a) DWT analysis of breathing with jerking of the hand interfere...Figure 5.24 Performance evaluation of DWT: (a) DB10 wavelet; (b) various typ...Figure 5.25 Experiment setup, signal processing flow and experiment protocol...Figure 5.26 Two simulated sources with normal breathing captured from Dopple...Figure 5.27 Two source breathing signals captured from Doppler radar modules...Figure 5.28 Pictorial representation of the performance evaluation on FastIC...Figure 5.29 A mixture of breathing signals with hand motion (swinging of the...