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The encoding and decoding methods of mobile communications systems and network messages as mentioned in the preceding sections apply, in general, to all the messages defined in a particular mobile communications system such as the GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE and 5G NR systems. There could be other encoding and decoding methods that are applicable to a particular message defined only in a particular mobile communications domain. Two such methods are Direct Encoding and Indirect Encoding. They are used in GSM Layer 3 Radio Resource Management layer's Immediate Assignment message while allocating a list of hopping radio frequencies from the BSC to the Mobile station.

Figure 4.7 Illustration: TLV Vs PER encoding method.