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A mobile communications network based on the GSM (2G)/General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) (2.5G), UMTS (3G), and LTE (4G) technology comprises the interconnected network of different communicating entities/nodes, called as the network element. Based on a particular communications technology, a mobile communications network comprises several network elements. In the case of a GSM and GPRS network, the network elements are MS (Mobile Station), BSC (Base Station Controller), BTS (Base Transceiver Station), MSC (Mobile Switching Center), SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node), and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). In the case of the LTE/Evolved Packet System (EPS) network, the network elements are User Equipment (UE) (mobile station), eNodeB, Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (S‐GW), and Packet Data Network (PDN). These interconnected network elements provide end‐to‐end communication services like voice (Circuit Switched – CS domain in case of GSM and UMTS) and data (Packet Switched – PS domain in case of GPRS and LTE), multimedia contents to subscribers.

Note: The abbreviated version of all the terms found in mobile communications systems and networks are being used in this book. For the complete list of glossaries of the terms, their expanded texts, and definitions, refer to the 3GPP TR 21.905 [24]. A partial list of abbreviations is provided under the section “List of Abbreviations”. More about the 3GPP, technical specifications (TS), and technical reports (TR) are described in later sections.