Читать книгу Mobile Communications Systems Development - Rajib Taid - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Career opportunities in the mobile communications space.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Network architecture and elements of a GSM network.Figure 2.2 Network architecture and elements of a GPRS network.Figure 2.3 Network architecture and elements of a UMTS network.Figure 2.4 Overall network architecture and elements of an LTE network.Figure 2.5 Illustration of circuit switched and packet switched data transfe...Figure 2.6 Network domains and their elements of mobile communication networ...Figure 2.7 Illustration of end‐to‐end flow of information in a mobile commun...Figure 2.8 Illustration: GSM MO call flow.Figure 2.9 Illustration: 3GPP systems and air interface evolutions.Figure 2.10 System architecture 3GPP Release 99.Figure 2.11 System architecture 3GPP Release 4.Figure 2.12 System architecture 3GPP Release 5.Figure 2.13 LTE system architecture with EPC nodes.Figure 2.14 Mobile communications network systems engineering.Figure 2.15 3GPP organizational partners/members.Figure 2.16 Example of a cover page of a 3GPP technical specification.Figure 2.17 Illustration: different stages of a 3GPP TS.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Illustration: physical E1 interface configuration for GSM A‐bis i...Figure 3.2 Illustration: physical air interface for GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G N...Figure 3.3 (a) LTE S1 and 5G NG logical interface: user plane. (b) LTE S1 an...Figure 3.4 LTE/EPS logical interfaces: S3, S4, S5, S8, S10, and S11 protocol...Figure 3.5 GPRS: Gb‐interface protocol stack with IP and frame relay transpo...Figure 3.6 Protocol layers classifications in GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, and 5G s...Figure 3.7 LTE network end‐to‐end control plane protocol layers.Figure 3.8 LTE UE – P‐GW user plane protocol layers.Figure 3.9 UMTS, LTE, and 5G air interface protocol layer groups.Figure 3.10 LTE E‐UTRAN: access stratum and non‐access stratum protocol stac...Figure 3.11 LTE access stratum RRC connection establishment procedure.Figure 3.12 Illustration: LTE/EPS ATTACH procedure: NAS protocol messages.Figure 3.13 Illustration: NAS layer messages for a 5G PDU session establishm...Figure 3.14 Initialization of LTE/EPS S1 interface.Figure 3.15 Illustration: air interface sublayers: GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, and...Figure 3.16 Illustration: protocol information conversions in a cellular sys...Figure 3.17 Illustration: A working model of protocol layer.Figure 3.18 Illustration: general protocol layer model of UTRAN, E‐UTRAN, an...Figure 3.19 Illustration: general protocol layer model of UTRAN and E‐UTRAN....Figure 3.20 Iu interface transport network: data link layers.Figure 3.21 Illustration: GSM air interface Layer 3 protocol stack.Figure 3.22 Illustration: LTE/EPS NAS transport between eNodeB and MME over ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Components of an IE of a protocol message.Figure 4.2 Presence requirements of an IE of a protocol message.Figure 4.3 Standard formats of air interface layer 3 messages IEs.Figure 4.4 LTE/EPS NAS layer 3 attach complete message.Figure 4.5 LTE/EPS NAS layer 3 ESM information request message.Figure 4.6 Illustration: encoding and transmission of air interface message....Figure 4.7 Illustration: TLV Vs PER encoding method.Figure 4.8 LTE/EPS MME‐ENodeB: S1‐AP: downlink NAS transport.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Network identities, their persistency, and presence.Figure 5.2 Illustration: identities for LTE network elements.Figure 5.3 Illustration: components and derivation of a GUTI.Figure 5.4 Illustration: LTE physical layer cell identities (PCI) and groups...Figure 5.5 GPRS MS identity: mapping of an NRI and TLLI into a P‐TMSI.Figure 5.6 Illustration: UE identities mapping: GERAN/UTRAN to E‐UTRAN.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Illustration: LTE network and IMS interworking for VoLTE call.Figure 6.2 Reference architecture of an IMS.Figure 6.3 Allocation of default bearer with QCI = 5 for IMS signaling.Figure 6.4 Illustration: registration of UE in an IMS.Figure 6.5 Illustration: VoLTE call between IMS registered UEs.Figure 6.6 Illustration: legacy and LTE network interworking for VoLTE call ...Figure 6.7 Illustration: VoLTE call HO through SRVCC feature.Figure 6.8 Illustration: legacy and LTE network interworking for CSFB.Figure 6.9 Illustration: LTE voice call: MO‐MT voice call through CSFB.Figure 6.10 Interworking of LTE/EPS with GERAN and UTRAN through legacy netw...Figure 6.11 LTE/EPS Roaming: routing of user data by the HPLMN for roaming u...Figure 6.12 LTE/EPS Roaming: routing of user data by the VPLMN for roaming u...Figure 6.13 Roaming through interoperation of legacy network elements.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 LTE/E‐UTRAN eNodeB connected to multiple core network (CN) elemen...Figure 7.2 Illustration: 5G NG‐RAN connected to multiple AMF sets.Figure 7.3 Illustration: typical MME selection and allocation to UEs using W...Figure 7.4 Illustration: core network (CN) node selection and allocation usi...Figure 7.5 Illustration: radio access network sharing and MOCN configuration...Figure 7.6 Illustration: GSM/GPRS CS/PS paging through Gs interface between ...Figure 7.7 Illustration: supporting UE signaling flow for RAN sharing throug...Figure 7.8 Illustration: non‐supporting UE signaling flow for RAN sharing th...Figure 7.9 Illustration: 5G NG‐RAN sharing through MOCN feature.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Illustration: packet encapsulation using GTP.Figure 8.2 Components of GTP user plane G‐PDU.Figure 8.3 Illustration: LTE/EPC GTP‐C message over UDP/IP interface.Figure 8.4 Illustration: GTP‐C message exchanged during inter‐RAT handover....Figure 8.5 Illustration: user data/IP packets encapsulations and tunneling u...Figure 8.6 GPRS packet encapsulation, between MS and SGSN, over the air inte...Figure 8.7 Illustration: GPRS inter SGSNs routing area update procedure.Figure 8.8 Illustration: IP header compression for a VoIP call.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Illustration: security features for protection of user traffic in...Figure 9.2 Illustration: security features for protection of signaling traff...Figure 9.3 Illustration of (a) ciphering and (b) integrity protection algori...Figure 9.4 Illustration: activation of GSM security procedure for a MOC.Figure 9.5 Illustration: LTE ciphering and integrity protection of AS and NA...Figure 9.6 Illustration: security mode command to activate ciphering and int...Figure 9.7 Illustration: LTE/EPS initial UE registration and its security fe...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Illustration: a typical alarm management system.Figure 10.2 Illustration: protocol error reporting using STATUS PDU.Figure 10.3 Illustration: LTE/EPS protocol error reporting using ESM or EMM ...Figure 10.4 Illustration: normal GTP user plane echo request and response.Figure 10.5 Illustration: An abnormal scenario in LTE/EPS: GTP alarm generat...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 GSM CS voice call processing phases.Figure 11.2 Illustration: performances and optimizations management system f...Figure 11.3 Illustration: KPI various stages of a GSM call flow.Figure 11.4 Illustration: KPI areas of a network element.Figure 11.5 Illustration: KPI evaluation steps of a typical network element....Figure 11.6 Illustration: ideal and poor SLA and KPI for GSM MOC voice call....

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Application and transport layer with respect to IP troubleshooti...Figure 12.2 IP packets snipping through switch port mirroring.Figure 12.3 Illustration: GSM location area update procedure.Figure 12.4 Illustration: typical UE conformance test scenarios for GSM loca...Figure 12.5 Illustration: IP packet snipping tool setup for troubleshooting ...Figure 12.6 Illustration: air interface RLC layer data throughput.

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Phases of software development process and its SDLC.Figure 13.2 Illustration: embedded system development environment.Figure 13.3 Illustration: single core and multicore processor systems.Figure 13.4 Illustration: hash table and linked list of 5G UE context struct...Figure 13.5 Illustration: IPC among the processes running on Windows and UNI...Figure 13.6 Different types of signals available on the UNIX/LINUX OS.Figure 13.7 Different actions taken by a signal handler function.Figure 13.8 Illustration: typical software architecture for a GSM BSC.Figure 13.9 GSM RRM logical object model and its hierarchy.

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Components of a 3GPP TS for a protocol layer.Figure 14.2 Illustration: protocol layer procedure's case value.Figure 14.3 Illustration: 5G registration request procedure with reject caus...Figure 14.4 Illustration: protocol layer procedure and its result: (a) norma...Figure 14.5 Illustration: flow of a 3GPP protocol layer procedure.Figure 14.6 Illustration: protocol layer and sublayer architecture of a logi...Figure 14.7 Illustration of various types of service primitives.Figure 14.8 Illustration: service access point (SAP) and identifier (SAPI)....Figure 14.9 Illustration: LTE/EPS peer‐to‐peer communication using PDU.Figure 14.10 Illustration: air interface Layer 3, its sublayers, and NAS lay...Figure 14.11 Classification of radio/air interface Layer 3 messages.Figure 14.12 Components of air interface Layer 3 message.Figure 14.13 Components of a non-standard Layer 3 message.Figure 14.14 GSM, GPRS, and UMTS radio/air interface Layer 3 message format....Figure 14.15 Mobile radio/air interface NAS layer message format for the LTE...Figure 14.16 Mobile air interface Layer 3 protocols identified by protocol d...Figure 14.17 GMM air interface Layer 3: DETACH REQUEST message.Figure 14.18 Air interface Layer 3: GSM RR assignment command.Figure 14.19 Illustration: LTE S1 handover preparation and resource allocati...Figure 14.20 Illustration: protocol decoding of elementary procedures messag...Figure 14.21 Illustration: LTE/EPS S1 Setup message over S1 interface.Figure 14.22 Illustration: decoding of S1 Setup Request Message protocol.Figure 14.23 Illustration of the components of a protocol layer message.Figure 14.24 Illustration of a protocol layer header part with flags. Figure 14.25 Illustration: protocol layer timer and its various states.Figure 14.26 RRC layer protocol states and its transitions: GSM/GPRS to the ...Figure 14.27 Illustration: states of a base transceiver (BTS) station.Figure 14.28 Illustration: types of protocol layer data.Figure 14.29 Illustration: LTE and 5G NR air interface protocol layer config...Figure 14.30 Illustration: various information contained in a logical contex...Figure 14.31 Illustration: padding in an IE of a message/PDU.Figure 14.32 Illustration: device driver development model.Figure 14.33 Illustration: usages of software simulator test setup for diffe...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Protocol stack for SGs logical interface between MME and MSC ser...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Illustration: 3GPP standardized 5G system use cases.Figure 16.2 Illustration: key enablers of 5GS use cases and their services....Figure 16.3 5G system network architecture.Figure 16.4 Illustration: logical architectural nodes of NG‐RAN and its use ...Figure 16.5 Illustration: control plane and user plane protocol stack of F1 ...Figure 16.6 Illustration: RRC layer signaling message flow between NG‐RAN lo...Figure 16.7 Illustration: 5GS non‐standalone deployment through EN‐DC featur...Figure 16.8 Illustration: addition of a secondary NG‐RAN/gNB node as part of...Figure 16.9 Illustration: UE single registration mode: LTE/EPS or 5G network...Figure 16.10 Illustration: UE dual registration mode: LTE/EPS and 5G network...Figure 16.11 Illustration: 5G system: network slices with standardized servi...Figure 16.12 Illustration: hierarchy of PLMN and its NSSAI.Figure 16.13 Illustration: RRC layer signaling flow for network slicing duri...Figure 16.14 Illustration: NSSAI‐based AMF selection for a network slice.Figure 16.15 Illustration: UE registration: NF signaling flow for network sl...Figure 16.16 Illustration: UE registration: NF service signaling flow for PD...Figure 16.17 Illustration: management services for management and orchestrat...Figure 16.18 Illustration: 5G NRM, its information object class, and its ass...Figure 16.19 Illustration: 5G UE security controlled by home network.Figure 16.20 Illustration: UE authentication using 5G‐AKA method through 5GC...Figure 16.21 Illustration: inter PLMN secured communication through SEPP.Figure 16.22 Illustration: conceal and de‐concealing of a UE SUPI to SUCI an...

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Illustration: radio air interface protocol layer architectures o...Figure 17.2 Illustration: air interface Layer 3/NAS protocols and its catego...Figure 17.3 Illustration: air interface: AS and NAS layer signaling informat...

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Illustration: NR control plane: AS and NAS protocol layers.Figure 18.2 Illustration: 5G SM UE‐initiated PDU session establishment proce...Figure 18.3 Illustration: 5GS session and service continuity (SSC) modes 1 a...Figure 18.4 Illustration: 5G SM PDU sessions for different network slices.Figure 18.5 Illustration: association/control of QoS – EPS bearer versus QoS...Figure 18.6 Illustration: binding of SDF and LTE/EPS bearer and SDF and 5GS ...Figure 18.7 Illustration: SDAP layer: mapping between QoS flow and data radi...Figure 18.8 Illustration: 5GS downlink data flow through GTP‐U tunnels.Figure 18.9 Different states of a cell in a cellular communication.Figure 18.10 Illustration: GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE PLMN, and LA/RA.Figure 18.11 Illustration: Mobility areas controlled by core network element...Figure 18.12 Illustration: mobility management areas for CS and PS domains....Figure 18.13 Illustration: LTE/EPS: list of TAs in the TA list.Figure 18.14 Illustration: 5G mobility areas – TA and RA.Figure 18.15 Illustration: CM and MM state transitions in a UE‐initiated ser...Figure 18.16 Illustration: on‐demand SI request by UE.Figure 18.17 Illustration: NR RRC layer state’s machine, its triggers, and t...Figure 18.18 Illustration: UE RRC_INACTIVE state and RNA.Figure 18.19 Illustration: UE triggered transition from RRC_IDLE to RRC‐CONN...Figure 18.20 Illustration: RRC layer state transition from RRC_INACTIVE to R...Figure 18.21 Illustration: RNA update procedure: normal and erroneous scenar...Figure 18.22 Different phases of a handover procedure.Figure 18.23 Illustration: Xn handover and its signaling messages.Figure 18.24 Illustration: N2‐based handover and its signaling messages.Figure 18.25 Illustration: NR admission control procedure for different netw...

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Illustration: NR air interface user plane protocol layers.Figure 19.2 Illustration: splitting of DRB by the PDCP layer in an EN‐DC set...Figure 19.3 Illustration: packet duplication by the PDCP layer.Figure 19.4 NR: RLC layer Entity Model.Figure 19.5 Illustration: comparisons of LTE and NR RLC layer SDU segmentati...Figure 19.6 Illustration: typical inputs and outputs of a scheduler algorith...Figure 19.7 Illustration: uplink: dynamic and configured scheduling Type 1 a...Figure 19.8 Illustration: NR RACH resource selection procedure.Figure 19.9 Illustration: NR UE RACH RAR process flow, TS 38.321 [113].Figure 19.10 Illustration: NR UEs contention‐based RACH procedure.Figure 19.11 Illustration: NR UE RACH procedure contention resolution flow....Figure 19.12 Illustration: NR contention‐free UE RACH procedure.Figure 19.13 Illustration: UE downlink data reception and its HARQ ACK/NACK ...Figure 19.14 Illustration: NR UE MAC layer scheduling request to NG‐RAN.Figure 19.15 Illustration: organizations of NR MAC SDU, CE, and padding of a...Figure 19.16 Illustration: packet processing by LTE and NR L2 layers.Figure 19.17 Illustration: NR air interface channel types.Figure 19.18 Illustration: types of NR channels and their implementation usi...Figure 19.19 Illustration: duplex (FDD, TDD) transmissions methods.Figure 19.20 Illustration: symbol constellation diagram for 64 QAM modulatio...Figure 19.21 Illustration: NR frames, subframes, and durations.Figure 19.22 Illustration: NR numerologies, frame, subframes, and slots.Figure 19.23 Illustration: NR TDD: DL‐UL timeslot format allocation pattern ...Figure 19.24 Illustration: NR TDD: slot formats of OFDM symbols of a slot.Figure 19.25 Illustration: NR resource grid, resource element, and resource ...Figure 19.26 Illustration: CORESETs allocation for PDCCH.Figure 19.27 Illustration: VRB to PRB mapping in NR.Figure 19.28 Illustration: NR common resource blocks and their reference poi...Figure 19.29 Illustration: UEs transmission/reception with wideband as well ...Figure 19.30 Illustration: aggregated channel bandwidth of CA in the NR FR1 ...Figure 19.31 Illustration: configuration of BWPs and PRBs with different SCS...Figure 19.32 Illustration: an NR bandwidth part, CRB, PRB, and VRB mapping....Figure 19.33 Illustration: resource allocation Type 0 in the NR frequency do...Figure 19.34 Illustration: Type 1 resource allocation to a PDSCH.Figure 19.35 Illustration: time‐domain resource allocation for PDSCH by RRC ...Figure 19.36 Illustration: (FDD) time‐domain resource allocation for PDSCH: ...Figure 19.37 Illustration: physical layer processing stages for a transport ...Figure 19.38 Illustration: physical layer processing chain for a transport b...Figure 19.39 Illustration: components of an LDPC codeword.Figure 19.40 Illustration: LDPC base graphs: BG1 and BG2.Figure 19.41 Illustration: NR UL‐SCH and UCI processing chains and their mul...Figure 19.42 Illustration: output of transport block coding process at physi...Figure 19.43 Illustration: an LDPC parity check matrix and its graph represe...Figure 19.44 Graphical representation of LDPC encoded bit string: 11001111....Figure 19.45 Illustration: NR multiple antenna configurations and transmissi...Figure 19.46 Illustration: mapping of logical antenna port to a physical ant...Figure 19.47 Illustration: transmit diversity: code word to layer mappings....Figure 19.48 Illustration: spatial multiplexing: code words to layers mappin...Figure 19.49 Illustration: physical layer channel processing steps.Figure 19.50 Illustration: LTE vs. NR PDCCH resource allocation.Figure 19.51 Illustration: PDCCH monitoring using search space with aggregat...Figure 19.52 Illustration: transmission flow of a DCI.Figure 19.53 Illustration: DCI processing chain.Figure 19.54 Illustration: code block group‐based downlink transmission and ...Figure 19.55 Illustration: FDD: PDSCH to its HARQ‐ACK timing.Figure 19.56 Illustration: TDD: PDSCH to its HARQ‐ACK timing with K1 = 0.Figure 19.57 Illustration: mapping of DMRS to resource element and OFDM symb...Figure 19.58 Illustration: mapping of PDCCH and its DMRS to REs and an OFDM ...Figure 19.59 Illustration: time‐domain resource allocation for SRS.Figure 19.60 Illustration: position of PSS, SSS, PBCH‐DMRS within an SS bloc...Figure 19.61 Illustration: organization of SS blocks/burst in the time domai...Figure 19.62 Illustration: organization of SS blocks/burst in the time domai...Figure 19.63 Illustration: positions of SS blocks in the time domain for Cas...Figure 19.64 Illustration: NR beam management procedures.Figure 19.65 Illustration: NR beam sweeping with multiple beams.Figure 19.66 Illustration: NR beam failure recovery procedure.Figure 19.67 Illustration: UE RLF due to out‐of‐synchronization indication/B...Figure 19.68 Illustration: NR RRM measurements framework.Figure 19.69 Illustration: NR RRM measurement gap and SMTC window.Figure 19.70 Illustration: NR measurements process.Figure 19.71 Illustration: Type I CSI reporting with a single‐panel antenna ...Figure 19.72 Illustration: NR CQI (MCS) vs. data throughput.Figure 19.73 Illustration: NR RACH: CP and preamble sequences lengths for SC...Figure 19.74 Illustration: NR RACH occasions for FR2 and FDD modes.Figure 19.75 Illustration: NR RACH occasions in frequency domain.Figure 19.76 Illustration: 5G NR RRM procedure and its sub‐tasks for differe...Figure 19.77 Illustration: Configuration of RRM Messages Flow in NG‐RAN/gNB...Figure 19.78 Illustration: RRM Allocation of Four BWPs to a UE for eMBB Use ...Figure 19.79 Illustration: Evolution of the 5G NR RRM Procedure

20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Illustration: LTE/EPS UE ATTACH procedure without CUPS.Figure 20.2 Illustration: LTE/EPS UE ATTACH procedure with CUPS feature.Figure 20.3 Illustration: 5GC CUPS: interaction between control plane and us...Figure 20.4 Illustration: service interfaces‐based architecture of 5G system...Figure 20.5 Illustration: reference points‐based architecture of 5G system....Figure 20.6 Illustration: network function interface, services, and its oper...Figure 20.7 Illustration: 5GC network functions service operation flow.Figure 20.8 Illustration: 5GC network functions services framework.Figure 20.9 Illustration: registration, authorization, and discovery of netw...Figure 20.10 Illustration: status of network function instance at NRF.Figure 20.11 Illustration: usages for heart beat timer for NF status.Figure 20.12 Illustration: communications among 5GC control plane network fu...Figure 20.13 Illustration: usages of a service API and HTTP PUT method for S...Figure 20.14 Illustration: usages of a service API and HTTP GET method for r...Figure 20.15 Illustration: usages of a service API and HTTP DELETE method to...Figure 20.16 Illustration: discovery of a network function instance and serv...Figure 20.17 Illustration: usages of a service API and HTTP POST method to t...Figure 20.18 Illustration: 5G core network functions virtualizations.Figure 20.19 Illustration: virtualization with virtual machines.

21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Illustration: design of NF service interface using UML/C++ class...Figure 21.2 Illustration: UML composition with “Has‐a” relationship class di...Figure 21.3 Illustration: software prototype architecture and cores assignme...