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6CNC Router Essentials

3 : Toolpath Essentials

Frequently used toolpaths

A CNC machine can make many types of cuts, but the four most commonly used are the Profile, Pocket, V-Carve, and 3-D Roughing and Finishing Toolpaths, Image 3.5. With an understanding and mastery of these cuts, you’ll be able to complete a variety of projects.

Pocket cuts are used to create a recessed area in your workpiece, Image 3.6. The recess might simply be a design detail in your project, or it can be sized to accept another piece of material, such as buerfly inlay. A pocket cut can be square, rectangular, oval, or nearly any shape you can imagine.

V-carving is used to create text that simulates incised handcarved leering, Image 3.7. But it works equally well on any “closed” line shape, such as the outline of an animal. By contrast, a single line with ends that don’t connect is considered an “open” line shape and cannot be V-carved. V-Carve is a very popular toolpath with CNC users and is a very simple way to add decorative carving to your project.

3-D carving toolpaths include both roughing and finishing passes. They are used to carve 3-D models. The roughing pass is used to quickly remove the excess material and usually done with a straight bit, Image 3.8. The finishing pass is almost always done with a ballnose bit to create the fine details, Image 3.9. The diameters of the roughing and finishing bits depend on the size and detail of your project.

Image 3.5: A CNC can make many types of cuts, but these four are the most commonly used ones. In the world of CNC, these cuts are also referred to as toolpaths.

Image 3.6: The Pocket Toolpath typically uses a straight bit of some type to cut the recessed area.

Pocket cut

Profile cut

3-D carving

V-carving