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By the time of the Reformation, Luther further explicates the meaning and consequences of being “kept” or “guarded”:

This is his [Peter’s] meaning: So tender and precious a matter is that which pertains to the faith which the power of God (that is with us and with which we are filled) produces in us, that He gives us a correct, clear understanding of all things that respect salvation, so that we may judge all that is on earth, and say, this doctrine is true, that is false; this conduct is right, that is not; this work is good and acceptable, that is evil. (Luther, Comm.: ccel.org)

Arminius addresses the notion of “being kept”: perseverance in good is not from ourselves, it necessitates an action from God through the Holy Spirit. He remarks that if a person who has been born again falls into sin, they cannot repent or rise again “unless they be raised up again by God through the power of his Spirit and be renewed to repentance” (Arminius, ‘Works of Arminius,” vol. 1 online: on 1 Peter 1:5: ccel.org). This expanded into later discussions with Luther, Calvin, and others about whether salvation can be lost.