Читать книгу 1, 2 Peter and Jude Through the Centuries - Rebecca Skaggs - Страница 21

It has been noted through the centuries that there is an extremely close relationship between 2 Peter and the epistle of Jude. In fact, 2 Peter 2 includes almost the entire epistle of Jude. Hence, it is not surprising that the question must be considered as to which epistle was written first. The major similarities are between Jude 4–13, 16–18 and 2 Peter 2: 1–18, 3: 1–3. Although some of the material is extremely similar, the treatment of it by each author is significantly different, for example, whereas Jude describes the heresy and false teachers in his community using a series of three Old Testament examples to make his points, the author of 2 Peter structures his letter around the main issue of the certainty of the coming final judgment which is being distorted by the false teachers. However, much of Jude’s material is interwoven through Peter’s chapter.

Four explanations are logically possible; all of them are held by outstanding scholars. The problem is that although each of them has some strong supporting evidence, none is so strong that it conclusively discounts the others. Similarly, each can be adequately opposed but not so conclusively that it can be withdrawn as a possibility. Hence, the challenge remains for every serious scholar to come to their own conclusion on the relation of these two texts. Whatever position one accepts, it remains a significant issue, and has some consequences for dating, although other factors must be considered as well. The four explanations are:

1 Jude is dependent on 2 Peter. Many of the ancient writers as well as Luther hold this position. Noteworthy modern scholars include Spitta (1885: 381–470), who has the most details, Zahn (1901: 250–251, 265–267, 285), and Bigg (1961: 216–224).

2 2 Peter is dependent on Jude. Most modern scholars hold this position. See Mayor (1907: i–xxv) for the most detailed argument; Chaine (1939: 18–24); Grundmann (1974: 75–83), and Bauckham (1983).

3 Both are dependent on a common source. Some adherents to this position are Reicke (1964: 148, 189–190). There are serious problems with this option since no such possible source has ever been located (for details see Bauckham, 1983: 141).

4 They share common authorship. See Robinson (1976: 192–195). This option, however, is highly unlikely on account of the epistles’ vast differences in style and very few if any current scholars adhere to this view.

The consideration of the literary relations between the two texts provides the strongest reason for the dependence of 2 Peter on Jude rather than the reverse: the most compelling one is that Jude 4–18 is meticulously crafted in structure as well as wording (see Bauckham, 1983: 142 for details, and Neyrey’s 1993 “Introduction” for his analysis of Jude’s unusual pattern of threes). An additional factor to be considered is the redaction of the parallel passages which has been done by Fornberg, 1977: ch. 3, and Neyrey, 1980: ch 3; see Bauckham, 1983: 142–143 for a thorough analysis of this evidence with its strengths and weaknesses. A further exploration into this issue goes beyond the purview of this current study, but it hardly needs to be undertaken given the treatment of Bauckham along with the redaction critical studies of Fornberg and Neyrey already mentioned. Several important points concluded by Bauckham are noteworthy here:

1 The case for the dependence of 2 Peter on Jude is a strong one, although in some instances it can be countered by evidence from an analysis of the reverse.

2 The late dating of 2 Peter is not a consequence of this relationship. There are other relevant factors which call for a date later than the death of Peter (e.g. the situation in the letter) which have nothing to do with the relation to Jude. Jude could be dated earlier or later than 2 Peter and the evidence would still indicate a late first‐century or early second‐century date for 2 Peter. Again, there are many commentators who address this issue more than adequately, so the details do not need to be recorded here. A brief overview of the main factors are located in Appendix 1.The literary relationship between these two texts does not necessitate the conclusion that these epistles are similar works, addressing the same problems, issues, and readers or with the same historical contexts. In fact, the opposite has stronger supporting evidence, that they are indeed two very different texts, with different historical backgrounds, readers, problems, and heresies. The fact that one of them has reworked some of the other’s material is a separate matter altogether. (Again, for details on all of these discussions, see Neyrey, 1980, Fornberg, 1977, and Bauckham, 1983.)