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Table of Contents

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Cover

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Introduction Historical Overview and Genre Reception Historical Sources for 1, 2 Peter, and Jude Significant Ancient Interpreters Nineteenth‐ and Twentieth‐Century Perspectives Aims and Methods of this Commentary Literary Relationships: Which Came First – Jude or 2 Peter?

Chapter 1: The Transformed Life in the Context of Suffering, Grace, Hope, and Love (1:1–2:10) Author, Audience, and Abundant Grace (1:1–2) The Meaning and Purpose of Suffering (1:3–10) Consequences of the Transformed Life: Suffering Related to the Suffering of Christ (1:11–12) Consequences of the Transformed Life: Hope, Holiness, and Love (1:13–23) The Transformed Life: Three Metaphors (1:24 – 2:10) The Grass Metaphor (1:24, 25) The Milk Metaphor (2:1–3) The Living Stones Metaphor (2:4–10) Doctrinal Interpretations: The Priesthood of all Believers Doctrinal Interpretations: Eternal Security

Chapter 2: Three Practical Situations (1 Peter 2:11–3:17) Transition (2:11–12) The Governing Authorities (2:13–17) Slavery (2:18–25) Submission and Suffering for Doing Good Christ as Guardian of Our Souls, v.25 Marriage (3:1–7) Ornamentation (3:3–6) To “Husbands” (3:7) The “Weaker Vessel” (3:7) Transition: Summary and Concepts to Come (3:8–17) Summary: Live in Harmony and Mutual Love (3:8–12) Suffering for Doing Good (3:13–17)

Chapter 3: Christ’s Visit to the Spirits in Prison, 3:18–22 Christ’s Resurrection, the Ground of the Transformed Life The Preaching or Announcement in Hades The Audience for Christ’s Preaching Religious Traditions Opposition Summary of the Effects of 1 Peter 3:18–22 So Far Other Interpretations Effects in Literature Effects in Music Effects in Drama Effects in Art Relation to the Harrowing of Hell Tradition Summary/Observations

Chapter 4: The Transformed Life: The Believer as Sufferer (1 Peter 4:1–19) Suffering is in God’s Control (4:7–11) Love Covers a Multitude of Sins (v.8) Love Shown in Joyful Service and Hospitality (4:9–11) Suffering for Being a Christian (4:12–19) The Spirit of Glory … Rests upon You (v.14) Judgment Begins with the House of God (4:17) Scarcely Saved (vv.18–19)

Chapter 5: Final Exhortations and Greetings (1 Peter 5:1–14) Message to Three Groups (5:1–10): “Elders” (vv.1–4); the “Younger” (vv.5–6); and “All” (vv.6–10) The Message to “All” (vv.2, 6–10) God Gives Grace to the Humble (vv.6–11) The Final Promise to All (vv.10–11) Final Greetings: Who, Where, and How (vv.12–14) Who is Silvanus and What is His Role in the Writing of the Epistle? Who is “Mark?” Where/What is Babylon?

10  Chapter 6: Jude: A Dynamic Response to Heresy Greeting and Purpose Purpose (v.3) The Body of the Epistle: Charges/Punishment Predicted (vv.4–16) The Fallen Angels: Second Example of Punishment (v.6) Sodom and Gomorrah: Third Example (v.7) Second Set of Triple Charges (vv.8–11): Pollution, Rejection of Authority, Slander of Heavenly Beings The Illustration: The Dispute Between Michael and Satan (v.9) Three Examples of Punishment: Cain, Balaam, and Korah (v.11) Metaphors of Charges Against the Teachers (vv.12–16) Prediction of Punishment: Enoch’s Prophecy (vv.14–16) Exhortations to the Faithful (17–23) Closing Doxology (vv.24–25) Effects in Literature, Culture, and Art: Michael and Satan’s Dispute (v.9)

11  Chapter 7: Excursus: Jude’s Role in the Reception History of Enoch Enoch in the Early Church Summary Effects in Literature, Culture, and Art: The Fallen Angels, Jude 6; 2 Peter 2:4

12  Chapter 8: Greetings and the Bases for Certainty (2 Peter 1) Greetings: Authorship, Authenticity, and Authority (1:1–2) The Basis for Certainty and Peter’s Response: Participation in the Divine Nature (1:4–11) Can Salvation Be Lost? (vv.10–11) More Grounds for Certainty: Eyewitness Testimony (1:12–15) Even More Grounds for Certainty: The Nature of Prophecy and the Inspiration of Scripture (1:16–21)

13  Chapter 9: The False Teachers and Peter’s Response (2 Peter 2:1–22)

14  Chapter 10: Where is the Promise of His Coming? (2 Peter 3:1–18) Reaffirmation and Reminders (3:1–3) Where is the Promise and Peter’s Response: Judgment and Rescue (3:4–10) Final Exhortations (3:11–18)

15  Chapter 11 Excursus: Delay of the Parousia (2 Peter 3) Modern and Current Scholarship (eighteenth to twenty‐first centuries)

16  Concluding Remarks

17  Appendix 1: Who Wrote These Epistles? The Reception of 1, 2 Peter and Jude 1 Peter's Authenticity Jude’s Authenticity 2 Peter’s Authenticity

18  Appendix 2: Ancient Writers, their Writings, and their Sources

19  Appendix 3: Reception Historical Timeline

20  Appendix 4: Overview of the Reception History of Enoch The Book of the Watchers: the fallen angels

21  Glossary

22  Bibliography Websites

23  Index of Biblical References

24  Index

25  End User License Agreement

1, 2 Peter and Jude Through the Centuries

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