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Dynasty of Genghis Khan. Temujin («Blacksmith»), Genghis Khan, born in 1155 or 1162 – the founder of the largest continental empire. Recall: the record holder is the colonial British Empire, distributed all over the planet, 1918, the territory of 42.75 million square meters. km. (despite the fact that a century earlier, the United States left the control of Albion). The greatest continental monarchy is Russia, 23.7 million square meters. km. in 1866 the area of the Mongol Empire is 38 million square kilometers.

Genghis Khan (1162—1227)

The childhood of the great and terrible conqueror is marked by adversity, captivity, humiliation. The stages of growing up are a long struggle against the named brother Jamuqa, victory, victory, the proclamation of Temujin as a great khan. The commander acquires the title «Genghis Khan» – «Lord of the Endless Sea». All the new orders of the Asian «siloviks» are stirring up clans, tribes and nomads. According to the collection of laws – Yase, the people are now counted in hundreds, thousands and tumens (tens of thousands). From now on, people are referred to as «arats». The Mongols bind them to the ground and thus enslave them. In 1207 the southern part of Siberia fell into the shadow of the conquests. Since 1213, Genghis Khan undertakes an invasion of China (state and dynasty – Jin). The next target is Central Asia, Northern Iran, the Caucasus. The Baghdad Caliphate and the state of Khorezmshahs are lying under the hooves of shaggy steppe horses. On the Kalka River (present-day Donetsk region), the united Russian and Polovtsian troops perish from clouds of arrows and sparkling sabers. Mongolian troops suffer an offensive defeat in the Volga Bulgaria. Six years later, they return with renewed vigor and restore the reputation of the invincible.

In 1225, the most famous son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, accused of treason, dies. The next year Temujin once again passes through Western China. He strengthens his power in the Celestial Empire, but in 1227 he loses to Time itself. The successor of Genghis Khan is the son of Ogedei from his first wife, Borte.

Jochi’s son, Batu (Batu), destroys Southern Russia, turning it into a «Wild Field» for centuries, imposes a tribute on the northern principalities and invades Eastern Europe. The conquerors conquer Poland, Hungary, and part of the German lands. Then, deciding that the Mongol troops in Europe, studded with strong castles, Batu turns his horses.

Genghis Khan’s conquests

In 1320, during the reign of Khan Uzbek, Islam became the official religion of the Empire. The greatest state breaks up into Golden, Blue, White, Big Hordes.

The descendants of Genghis Khan from his first marriage (four sons, five daughters), Genghisids, ruled the shrinking and self-devouring Mongol Empire until the twenties of the twentieth century. In total, Temujin has 26 official wives from the princesses of the conquered peoples and 2 thousand concubines.

The Mongol Empire of the middle of the thirteenth century exceeds the territory of Ancient Rome of the heyday by two and a half times.

The empire of Genghis Khan is insanely large. However, these conquerors do not build castles. From their capital, Karokorum, there are several burial mounds and stone turtles. The political system of the eternal military is rather dull. He completely denies the social and cultural activity of the «common man». Therefore, after a hundred years, the Mongol Empire fizzles out, and the borders of new states are drawn in its body.

Tamerlane (1336—1405), the Iron Lame, or Timur ibn Taragay Barlas (from the Turkic Mongol tribe Barlas) is one of the new conquerors and the most famous. The founder of the Timurid dynasty is born on the territory of modern Uzbekistan (southeastern part of the country), according to legend, from a wolf that entered his mother’s bedroom. For some time, Timur has been involved in a series of internecine wars in the territories of modern Iran and Afghanistan. In battle, he loses two fingers on his right hand, injures the kneecap of his right leg. In 1370, Tamerlane won a number of great victories and, having married the widow of a defeated enemy, the daughter of Chingizid Kazan Khan, added to his name the title «Kurgan», that is, «Khan’s son-in-law». Now he is equal to the Chingizids, although, nevertheless, he does not have the right to be called «khan» according to the existing laws. It seems that he is quite satisfied with the title of the Great Emir («Sovereign»).

State of Tamerlane

Samarkand became the capital of the new state of Turan («Unification of Tribes»).

Tamerlane continues his campaigns and, by 1384, captures almost all of Persia. In the north, in the struggle of the Blue, White, Golden Hordes, he supports Khan Tokhtamysh. Having strengthened, the apprentice-apprentice takes a very hostile position in relation to the patron. For some time Timur circles between Western Persia and the Golden Horde. On the Irtysh and Volga in 1389, he defeats the troops of Tokhtamysh. A year later, a new crushing expansion follows. Tamerlane’s troops take Baghdad by storm, occupy all of Persia, and attack the Transcaucasia. In the Darial Gorge – the «Gates of the Caucasus», Timur’s warriors, constrained by the rocks, are defeated. Iron Lamer leaves this direction. For the third time, he defeats the army of Tokhtamysh already on the Terek River. Pursuing the enemy, Tamerlane invades Ryazan and reaches the present Tula region. However, on August 26, 1395, Timur turns the troops.

The Russian lands, devastated thirteen years ago by Tokhtamysh, are not the primary goal of the emir. Moscow is also noted in the book of his victories «Zafar-name». However, perhaps this is only a sign that the city sent the appropriate ransom money in time.

Timur captures and destroys the city of Tana (Azov), Sarai-Batu, Astrakhan, Kafa (Feodosia) and in 1396 returns to Samarkand. After two years of rest, he is now heading to India. The commander captures Delhi, betrays to the sword «just in case» one hundred thousand captured Indian warriors, reaches the banks of the Ganges and, without establishing a lasting power there, returns to Samarkand with rich booty.

But not everything is in order in Iran, left unattended by the Great Emir. All the former hostile power is being restored. Timur sweeps through Persia as a hurricane, storms Damascus (1401), captures Syria. A year later, on the outskirts of modern Ankara, a grandiose battle will take place with the troops of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid the First. Tamerlane lures the 85-thousandth army of the Ottomans to the plain to his 140-thousandth army. The Turks lose 15—40 thousand people and kill 15—25 thousand of Timur’s soldiers. Bayazid Lightning is captured. The Ottoman Empire falls into the abyss of civil strife. Tamerlane is congratulated by the kings of England, France and Castile.

In 1404 Timur prepares a campaign for a new worthy goal – the Celestial Empire. He is already beginning to advance, the construction of fortresses and food warehouses, but because of the cold winter he stops. February 1405 is marked by the death of the Great Emir.

Timur wants to become the sole ruler of the Muslim world. And by doing so, he destroys it. Khromets gathers a number of workers, craftsmen and scientists in his beloved Samarkand. However, in the rest of the land, the ruins of great cities scatter under the waves of the winds, and the fields strewn with skulls remain uncultivated.

To our great happiness, the spirit of love and creation – you cannot hit with a saber …

Poetry of Persia:

(Omar Khayyam, astronomer and poet, 1048 – 1131)

…In the middle of the fifteenth century, the empire shrinks, but stabilizes. At this time, together with his father, the great scientist, mathematician and astronomer, Timurid Ulugbek, ruled (the exact name is unknown, this is a title). He is overthrown by his own, not so smart son. A year later, he himself loses his head. The next Timurid, Abu-Seid, seeking to suppress the civil strife that had gone out of control, invites nomadic Uzbeks to his crumbling state Maverannahr. Those obey the will of the Timurids for a very short time. In 1501, hired soldiers seize Samarkand and drive out into the unknown the last representative of the great dynasty, Muhammad Babur.

Mohammad Babur, poet and military leader (1483—1530)

Babur has to look for a new homeland for himself and his people. In 1504, he captured Kabul and using it as a huge military base, undertook a campaign in India. Fifteen thousand soldiers with weapons and cannons unusual for that time are enough to crush the army of the Sultan of Delhi, which was twice as numerous. Islam in India has been widespread since the thirteenth century, except for the southern regions, so that the ground has been prepared for a fresh Muslim dynasty that has not been noted in internal conflicts.

Babur is not only a commander, but also a talented poet:

Great Mughals, they are Baburids and to some extent Timurids rule India until the middle of the eighteenth century. Padishah Jahan the First tries to recapture the homeland of the ancestors from the powerful Persia, but fails. His more famous deed is the Taj Mahal mausoleum, dedicated to the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.

Mughal Empire

Jahan’s son wages even longer and more unsuccessful wars. Adherents of Hinduism revolt. They are defeated, but they turn to guerrilla actions and widespread covert sabotage. Babur’s descendants are degenerating. Court officials deal with their nominal rulers as soon as they sense their slightest attempt to free themselves from obsessive tutelage. The Persians and Afghans burst into India, devastate the regions, take the inhabitants into slavery.

…In September 1852, the British seized Delhi by storm and announced the liquidation of the Mughal Empire.