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SECTION 1

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE TATRAS

Approaching from the plain of the Poprad river in Slovakia, the sight of the craggy peaks of the High Tatras mountains is unforgettable, beautiful and dramatic. Soaring abruptly skywards, they are like a phalanx of gigantic sentries barring the way to and from the north. With a dusting of snow and a swirl of mist, they assume the ghostly appearance of a phantom army.

Travelling by road or rail from Bratislava, you approach through the narrow, pretty valley of the River Vah, with castles balanced precariously on high cliffs above. As you progress eastwards, the Western Tatras seem quite impressive, but your first sight of broad-shouldered Kriváň in the High Tatras will take your breath away – no wonder this is the national symbol of Slovakia!

On the Polish side, approaching from Kraków, your first sight of the High Tatras comes as you pass the town of Nowy Targ. They are preceded by several ranges of low hills, so the impact is not quite so impressive as in Slovakia, yet even here these awesome mountains stamp their authority as a force to be reckoned with.

A phalanx of gigantic sentries! The High Tatras from near Poprad, Slovakia (photo: J Rizman)

Orla Perć – at Zmarzła Przełęcz (Red 009B, Poland) (photo: R Turnbull)

From either side, the mountain faces are forbidding and steep, the ridges narrow and turreted. Yet as you close in, reaching the small towns and villages that line the slopes at around 1000m above sea level, you discern the valleys that separate the peaks, and realise that there are ways of overcoming and surmounting these resolute watchmen.

This is easier than may at first seem possible, because a network of well-­engineered, waymarked paths links the resorts with peaks, lakes and mountain chalets. On some paths a good head for heights is needed, as there is scrambling, exposure and the use of fixed wires. (If these terms are strange to you, all is revealed in ‘Paths and waymarking’, page 46.) Other routes lead gently through meadows and forests, yet still within sight of the fearsome summits above.

To find the High Tatras on a physical map of Europe, first imagine the Alps in the form of an antique pistol. Its butt lies near the Mediterranean Sea, the handle curves through France into Switzerland, and the barrel stretches on into Austria. The pistol is fired at Vienna, point blank; the bullet leaves the gun and passes over the city and across the Danube, but after travelling just half the barrel’s length, it strikes a range of mountains beyond. They are the High Tatras, straddling the border between Slovakia and Poland.

For over 120 years, from the late 18th century to the early 20th century, these mountains were much visited by royalty and nobility from Austria–Hungary and other nearby states, and by discerning travellers from all over Europe, but their custom fell away during the political upheavals and wars of the 20th century. During the communist era, these peaks became very well known to Central and Eastern Europeans, because this was the only accessible region of high mountains for those who lived behind the Iron Curtain. Then, in 1991, Count Otto von Habsburg, the senior surviving member of the famous Austro–Hungarian ruling dynasty, revived the earlier tradition with a visit to the Tatras, accompanied by his family, as recorded in the visitors’ book at the National Park Museum in Tatranská Lomnica.

People from the western side of the former Iron Curtain have only recently been reintroduced to these mountains, but now that they can visit the Tatras with a minimum of fuss, we hope that this book will encourage them to fully explore. To visit either Poland or Slovakia, most English-speaking visitors do not require a visa for a visit of less than 90 days.

The High Tatras are the highest and most northerly part of the Carpathian Mountains, a sickle-shaped range, 1200km long, which starts near Bratislava, then passes through Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine and on into Romania, to finish at the Kazan Gorge on the Danube. In general, the Carpathians are not very high as mountains go – over half the peaks fail to reach 1000m. But the High Tatras are a notable exception – nearly 100 of their more than 500 rocky summits surpass 2000m, ten come very close to or exceed 2500m, and the highest reaches 2654m. With so many walking routes surrounding the summits, you can view most of them from many different angles – even set yourself ‘name that peak’ competitions.

A miscellany of delights is provided by this compact microcosm of alpine scenery, which has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. This designation gives strict protection to a wide variety of natural habitats and an immense diversity of wildlife, through the existence of neighbouring national parks in Slovakia and Poland, which together cover all of the High Tatras, as well as the adjoining White Tatras and most of the Western Tatras.

The High Tatras were one of the few parts of the Carpathians to be glaciated during the last ice age, and in an area just 27km by 10km there is much evidence of this. Small glaciers formed dozens of valleys containing more than a hundred lakes and tarns, and left moraines and moulded corries, ravines and basins.

The erosion of many different types of rock – granite, gneiss, sandstone, limestone and schists – has resulted in a wide variety of beautiful scenery, recalling that of the Alps, yet in a much smaller area. In just one day you may see needlepoint summits, toothy ridges, massive cliffs, deep valleys, mirror-surfaced tarns, tinkling streams and splashing waterfalls. Other areas recall English landscapes on a grand scale – graceful, grey, rounded domes with grass-covered shoulders, shallow valleys and dry streambeds.

Although most of the villages are purpose-built mountain resorts, some date from the late 18th century, and several distinct traditional styles of architecture are on display. Many of the buildings are full of character, with much use of wood. Blending well with the pine trees, the colours chosen to decorate walls, beams, balconies and window frames offer a soothing mixture of mustard, custard, chocolate and cream, while rust-red dominates the roofs.

Typical local architecture – the Jutrzenka cultural centre in a Zakopane park

Every upside must have its downside though, and to appreciate the picturesque you will sometimes have to tolerate the grotesque – the architecture of the 1970s and 1980s did no favours for the Slovak Tatras. Now, because of the fragile ecology, and in realisation of the mistakes of the past, there is a ban on major new developments in the national park areas. (An ‘ill wind’, the Tatranská Bora – see page 72 – while opening up some splendid views, also exposed some of the concrete horrors that had previously been hidden by trees.)

Zakopane and its surrounding villages, in Poland, have retained their attractive and very distinctive styles of architecture, but some walkers may find the popularity of parts of this side of the Tatras rather off-putting, as a large proportion of Poland’s 38 million population makes its way to these gorgeous mountains for holidays and weekends. Fortunately, they tend to congregate in half a dozen honeypots, leaving most of the footpath network relatively uncrowded.

For the urban-dwelling visitor, the air of the High Tatras seems incredibly pure, enhanced by the altitude, the scent of pine and (except in Zakopane) the low level of motorised traffic, which is banned from the mountain valleys, even where there are roads. This is an ideal location for a mountain holiday, and especially for the adventurous walker. It is an area that offers enough variety to fill a fortnight, yet small enough to provide the satisfaction of being able to explore it reasonably thoroughly in the same period.

The walking in the area covered by this book falls fairly distinctly into the Slovak and Polish sectors, so it is convenient to place the route descriptions in a separate section for each country. In Slovakia, as the Western Tatras is quite difficult to reach from the main resorts, nearly all the walking covered by this book is in the High Tatras, plus a small amount in the White Tatras. In Poland, much of the Western Tatras is easily accessible from the main resort of Zakopane, so these as well as the Polish High Tatras are included. We start, though, with an overview of general topics common to both countries.

Background

Tatras is the word used by English-speakers as the plural of Tatra, although in both Polish and Slovak the plural form is Tatry. It applies to several mountain ranges, in total 78km long and on average 10km wide, that straddle the border between Slovakia and Poland. There is also the completely separate Low Tatras range to the south, wholly within Slovakia, and not covered by this book. The diagrammatic maps in this book (on pages 2–3 and 4–5) provide a general overview of the area, but to familiarise yourself with these ranges it will be more helpful to refer to one of the larger scale walking maps described on pages 41–45.

Written across and around the mountainous areas on these walking maps are several names in capital letters. The two largest are simply POLSKO (Poland) and SLOVENSKO (Slovakia). Next comes TATRY (Tatras), which applies to the whole region, both in Slovakia and Poland. It stretches from the town of Zuberec in the west to the valley of the Biela river in the east, and between the line of valleys to the north (in one of which lies the Polish town of Zakopane) and the Sub-Tatras Basin (the broad valleys of the rivers Poprad and Vah) to the south.

Next in size come ZÁPADNÉ TATRY (Slovak) or ZACHODNIE TATRY (Polish), meaning Western Tatras; VYSOKÉ TATRY (Slovak) or WYSOKIE TATRY (Polish), meaning High Tatras; and BELIANSKE TATRY (Slovakia) or BIELSKIE TATRY (Polish), meaning White Tatras. On some maps you may see Východné or Wschodnie Tatry (Eastern Tatras), but this term is rarely used.

Surrounding the mountain ranges are the low-lying regions of Podtatranská Kotlina (Sub-Tatras Basin), Liptov and Spiš in Slovakia, and Podhale (Below the Mountain Meadows) and Rów Podtatrzański (Sub-Tatras Trench) in Poland. These do not concern us much, except that you will frequently be overlooking them from the mountains.

Some maps may show neighbouring, lower ranges of hills or mountains. To the north, Pasmo Gubałówskie (Gubałówka Range) features in the walking from Zakopane as described in this book, but most of them will only be seen in the distance from high vantage points in the Tatras: in Slovakia – Skorušinské Vrchy (Front Hills), Chočské Vrchy, Nízke Tatry (Low Tatras), Kozie Chrbty (Goat Ridge), Levočské Vrchy (Lion Hills) and Spišská Magura; in Poland – Zamagurze Spiskie and Pieniny.

The High Tatras extend for 27km in the form of a shallow, upside-down arch, and consist mostly of granite and gneiss rock. With six peaks exceeding 2600m (culminating in Gerlachovský Štít at 2654m), this range lays claim to several ‘highest’ titles – in the Tatras, in Slovakia and in the whole Carpathian chain.

There are many short lateral spurs, most of which descend northward into Poland. A much longer spur extends southwestward into Slovakia for 7km, from near the bottom of the huge crook in the border with Poland to the valley of Kôprová Dolina. Another of 9km reaches north to Lysá Poľana.

The official dividing point between the High and White Tatras is Kopské Sedlo, due north of Starý Smokovec. The dividing point between the High and Western Tatras, depending on whose authority you follow, is one or other of two neighbouring saddles on the Slovak–Polish border northwest of Štrbské Pleso. For Slovakia, it is Ľaliové Sedlo (Liliowe in Polish); for Poland, it is Sucha Przełę­cz (Suché Sedlo in Slovak). This dichotomy results in the intervening summit, Beskyd (Slovak) or Beskid (Polish), not knowing whether it belongs to the High or Western Tatras. The valley called Tichá Dolina, which runs southwestwards from Ľaliové Sedlo, is generally considered to be in the High Tatras, although on the maps it appears to lie in the Western Tatras. This may seem nitpicking, but for local people it is a matter of some importance.

Approaching Vyšné Kopské Sedlo in the White Tatras (Red 0930X, Slovakia) (photo: R Turnbull)

The Western Tatras form the second highest mountain range in the Carpathians, with some 20 summits above 2000m, the highest being Bystrá (2248m). While the slate peaks of the Western Tatras are generally lower and less spectacular than those of the High Tatras, there are some fine ridge walks. These are longer, more numerous and more accessible to walkers without a guide than in the High Tatras.

The range includes several sub-groups, including Czerwone Wierchy (Polish) or Červené Vrchy (Slovak), both meaning Red Hills, Osobitá, Roháče, Liptovské Tatry and Liptovské Kopy.

Two particularly worthwhile waymarked ridge walks in the Western Tatras follow separate sections of the border between Slovakia and Poland. However, because of difficulty with access, the westernmost of these requires a two-day expedition, with a long descent into a valley for overnight accommodation. The tourist infrastructure on the Slovak side of the Western Tatras is less developed than in the High Tatras, but is slowly improving.

There is not enough space in this book to describe the Western Tatras in Slovakia, which in any case are not easy to reach from the High Tatras resorts, although you may see them from some vantage points. From Zakopane in Poland, however, some fine routes in the Western Tatras are easily accessible, and so are included in this book.

The White Tatras are a distinctive, 13km long range of pale-grey, limestone peaks rising from grassy slopes. They adjoin the High Tatras transversely, like a hammerhead, at Kopské Sedlo, and have six summits over 2000m, the highest being Havran (Raven, 2152m).

In 1978 the whole of the White Tatras was closed to tourists, apart from two short, low-level walking routes. This was because the routes to the summits and along the ridge had become very badly eroded, and the delicate ecology was under threat. In 1993 the whole range was handed over to the Urbariat (Association of Historical Landowners) of the village of Ždiar, who decided to reopen one route across the range to link up with the High Tatras network. Although initially separate from the rest of the network, it was once part of the ‘Tatranská Magistrala’ (see page 93) and has now been reassimilated into this long route. However, even after three decades of closure, other parts of the White Tatras, once the location of high-level walking routes, had still not recovered enough to be reopened, and they are likely to remain closed for the foreseeable future.

The White Tatras from Veľké Biele Pleso (Blue 2911A, Slovakia) (photo: R Turnbull)

If you do not manage to get into the White Tatras range itself, you can still admire its graceful beauty from several points in the eastern High Tatras, such as Jahňací Štít and Kopské Sedlo, or from the top of the cable-car at Lomnický Štít, or even from the main road at Ždiar to the east.

Adjoining the Tatras, and just creeping onto some maps, are the lesser ranges of Skorušinské Vrchy to the west and Spišská Magura to the east, in Slovakia, but as these are not parts of the main Tatras ranges, they are not covered in this book. Neither are the completely separate Pieniny to the northeast in Poland, nor the Nízke Tatry (Low Tatras) to the south in Slovakia. They are, nevertheless, very attractive areas for walkers, and good walking maps of all these other ranges are available in bookshops and tourist offices in the Tatras and in specialist bookshops abroad.

Altitudes

As altitudes (heights above mean sea level) feature prominently in this book, it is important to point out that you may see different figures quoted, depending on the source of your information, especially where summits are concerned. This is partly because they have been measured by various authorities from three reference points – the Baltic Sea, the Adriatic Sea and satellites – and partly because some references round up while others round down. Sea level varies from the mean in different parts of the world, and large bodies of water that are almost detached from the oceans, such as the Baltic and the Mediterranean, may vary more than most.

Traditionally, and naturally, Poland has taken the Baltic as its reference, while Slovakia has used the Adriatic. However, as the technology used for measure­ment improves, altitudes are being corrected from time to time. Satellite technology has only recently begun to be used for this purpose, and in due course it seems likely that this will allow such details to settle down to a standard figure. In this book, we have as far as possible used the altitudes accepted by our principal local sources of information.

Early history

The origin of the word ‘Tatra’ and its variants is not certain, but it seems likely that it comes from the Old Slavonic word trtra, meaning high cliff – of which there are certainly plenty in these rugged mountains. The first record of the name so far discovered, in the form ‘Tritri’, is dated 1086 and comes from the archives of the archbishopric of Prague. The first instance of the present spelling, Tatry, was used in a handwritten document dated 1255, and in print in 1545.

Much of the rock that forms the Tatras was created 300 million years ago, by sediment deposited in a huge ocean. A hundred million years ago, over a period of several thousand years, the immense force of a collision between the once separate tectonic plates that carried what is now Italy and the rest of Eurasia created what is now the Alps and, behind them, the Carpathians. So great was this force that some of the land that lay to the south was pushed up and over what is now the High Tatras, to form the hills now lying on the north side.

During various ice ages the Tatras region was one of the few parts of the Carpathians to be covered by glaciers, and successive glacial periods shaped the peaks, gouged the valleys, and left the moraines that dammed the tarns.

Evidence of Late Stone Age human activities (about 5000 years ago) has been unearthed at several locations in the Tatras foothills, including the skull of ‘Ganovce Man’, a cast of which now lies in state in the National Museum in Prague. In the early Bronze Age (about 3000 years ago) the area to the south was densely settled by Turkic people, engaged mainly in sheep farming and other agricultural activities, who appear to have been much influenced by the Mycenean culture of the eastern Mediterranean. Many of their settlements were sited to afford a view of the High Tatra peaks, and it has been suggested that this may have some connection with the religious customs of the time, or it may simply have been to provide better protection from, and a lookout for, approaching enemies.

The land to the north of the Tatras was uninhabited at this time.

Subsequent history is related under ‘Later History’ at the beginning of each of Sections 3 and 4 on Slovakia and Poland.

Vegetation and wildlife

Flowers should be at their best in early July, but please remember that picking flowers, fruit or fungi, and taking cuttings, is strictly forbidden in the Tatras National Park.

Because of the fragile nature of the local wildlife, there are restrictions on taking dogs into the national park areas. In Slovakia they are only allowed in the national park if muzzled and on a lead, but they are not allowed into nature reserves at all. In Poland dogs are not allowed into the national park area at all.

It has been established that some 1300 plant species can be found in the ranges that make up the Western, High and White Tatras, including at every level the most primitive of plants – lichens and mosses – clinging to rocks and dead wood.

In autumn, frost burns the leaves of many of the shrubs and trees to a whole variety of rich hues, from orange and gold to purple and dark brown, enhanced by early morning frost and perhaps a dusting of snow.

There is animal life in abundance in the Tatras, but most species are extremely shy and keep well away from the waymarked walking routes. However, as a result of protection, some species are currently increasing in number and are beginning to lose their fear of humans. On a recent visit, the authors saw chamois, a marmot and a bear in broad daylight at comparatively close quarters.

If you wish to see the more unusual varieties, the best time is early in the morning, when the nocturnal ones are returning to their homes, and before most walkers have arrived. Keep very quiet and wear dark clothes. Take binoculars if you have them – they will help to identify the many species of birds, as well as animals in the distance.

Vegetation and wildlife in mountainous regions are strongly affected by the altitude and prevailing weather. The mountains can be divided into a number of biological zones, described below. The altitudes are given as a general guide, but there will be many variations in particular areas, influenced by location, prevailing weather and rock type.

You are very likely to see swathes of fallen trees wherever you go in the Tatras. This is the result of very strong winds that blow on both sides of the border: in Slovakia they are called, for obvious reasons, calamitá (plural calamity), are cold and blow from the north in winter; in Poland halna (plural halny), which are warm and blow from the south in spring and autumn. But see also the chapter on the Tatranska Bora on page 72.

Sub-Tatras Basins (below 700m)

Approaching the High Tatras from the Podtatranská Kotlina (Sub-Tatras Basin) in Slovakia, or Podhale in Poland, you are surrounded by rather poor-quality agricultural land, which, as well as providing grazing for livestock, mainly produces crops such as potatoes and oats, and to a lesser extent rye and millet. Farming communities at between 700m and 900m mark the edge of the agricultural plains. In Slovakia, these include Tatranská Štrba, Mengušovce, Batizovce, Gerlachov, Nová Lesná, Stará Lesná and Stráne pod Tatrami. In Poland, Chochołów, Poronin and Bukowina Tatrańska.

The Sub-Tatras Basin from near Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia (photo: J Rizman)

In and around these villages, as well as the common birds seen in most parts of Europe, and of course cattle and sheep, you may see white storks nesting in the spring, and perhaps some black grouse.

Forest zone (700m to 1600m)

In the Slovak Tatras the forest zone is reckoned to occupy the territory between 700m and 1600m. However, in November 2004 the Taranská Bora (see page 72) destroyed most of the trees below 1250m, so at present the forest zone starts at around this level. The dominant tree species is spruce, with occasional interlopers such as larch, Arolla pine, birch, mountain ash and willow. In the lower affected areas, it seems likely that in due course this will be replaced by a regime of mixed forestry, containing coniferous and deciduous species in equal proportions. In some places the forest may be allowed to revert to meadows.

A string of villages and hamlets lines the southern slopes of the Tatras giants between 900m and 1300m, taking advantage of the clean air and pure spring water to pronounce themselves mountain resorts or spas: Štrbské Pleso, Vyšné Hágy, Nová Polianka, Tatranská Polianka, Smokovce (the Smokovec villages), Tatranská Lesná, Tatranská Lomnica and Tatranské Matliare.

In Poland the town of Zakopane and its satellites have spread up the valley of the Cicha Woda (Quiet Water) and adjoining hillsides between 800m and 900m, while the expanding communities of Kościelisko, Murzasichle and Małe Ciche occupy neighbouring valleys and ridges. Higher up, apart from the tourist station of Kuźnice, there are just occasional collections of shepherd huts in the valleys and meadows. Tourism now dominates Zakopane and, despite still basically being farming communities, the surrounding villages – especially Bukowina Tatrzańska – are developing their facilities with many new hotels, guest houses and restaurants having opened in recent years.

In forested areas a few shrubs can be found in the undergrowth: bilberry, cranberry, mountain strawberries and raspberries, the poisonous daphne and the alpine clematis. But the best floral displays occur in the spring and summer, taking over the clearings and meadows. At various times, crocus, cowslip, daisies, buttercups, foxglove and golden lily are in abundance, while in certain areas rarer species such as orchids (including lady’s slipper) may be spotted. A wide variety of fungi can be seen.

During the daytime, roe deer, red deer and foxes may run across the meadows, or browse among the trees within sight of the paths. Early risers may see a badger, otter,weasel or stoat. On autumn evenings the baying and bellowing of the deer can be heard for miles. In the parks and woods of the mountain resorts black and brown squirrels run riot, and on the Slovak side red squirrels may also be spotted in more remote areas.

Less likely to be seen, in areas rarely visited by (and in some cases barred to) walkers, are wildcats, martens, lynxes, wolves, wild boar and even bears. These are mostly on the eastern, western and northern fringes of the High Tatras. Bears tend to hibernate in Poland as the snow lies longer there. These potentially dangerous animals are unlikely to attack unless provoked, but in recent years have been making nocturnal visits to the Slovak villages to forage for food – measures are being taken to prevent this. If you are nervous about meeting such creatures, and if you visit the less crowded areas, do not go alone, but with a number of companions. Check the current situation at an information office (and see also page 329).

Something that may surprise you, if you have visited other mountainous parts of Europe such as the Alps or Pyrenees, is the lack of cattle and sheep on most mountain pastures. A law was passed in the 1950s forbidding farming because livestock were considered to have caused too much soil erosion. This has been relaxed a little on the Polish side, to keep up the shepherding tradition, where cattle and sheep can now be seen, and the gentle tinkling of cowbells heard, at Polana Chochołowska, Dolina Kościeliska and Hala Kalatówki in the Western Tatras, and at Hala Kopieniec and Rusinowa Polana in the High Tatras. You may sometimes find sheep’s-milk cheese on sale there.

Anemone narcissiflora

Among the birds, woodgrouse, woodcock and partridge abound, and you may hear the distinctive song of a thrush, or the mocking call of a cuckoo. Watch out for the cheeky little alpine accentor, brown all over and similar in size to a robin, likewise very tolerant of humans, but rather than displaying a red breast flashes a patch of under-wing red in flight. Darting over and around the many turbulent streams, you will surely spot a dipper, or a yellow wagtail, and in the streams themselves swim several varieties of trout. Colourful butterflies, including red admiral, brimstone and peacock, flutter among the flowers and sheep in fields and meadows.

Sub-Alpine (Dwarf Pine) zone (1600m to 1850m)

At around 1600m the lofty conifers run out of soil deep enough for their sprawling roots. Here, densely huddled for protection against the fierce winter wind and cold, dwarf pines, with their shorter roots, take over for another 250m or so, before the ground becomes too rocky even for the grip of these tenacious little trees. Here the anemone, edelweiss, gentian, helianthemum and other hardy species thrive.

Alpine zone (1850m to 2300m)

From 1850m upwards, the surface is predominantly bare rock that seems to have no capacity to harbour life, yet life can be found in the cracks – usually tufts of grass or a stunted dwarf pine. There are some grassy alpine meadows, too, where flowers will bloom briefly in July and August, but at this altitude only the hardiest plants manage to exist.

Helianthemum grandiflorum

You will see an occasional lone giant, or a small clump of them, among the dwarves, and sometimes even higher. Usually they are oval-crowned Arolla pine (sembra), defiantly thrusting roots through cracks in the rock to find soil. The outermost limbas in a clump will be branchless on their northern sides, where they are battered by the prevailing winter winds – they are called flag-trees. Sometimes a birch, mountain ash or willow may occur in the dwarf pine belt. The fruit of the limba was once collected by shepherds to provide an aromatic additive to the oil used in spa treatments, but this activity is now banned in the national parks.

A strikingly deep blue gentian (Ciminalis clusii)

You should watch out particularly for the shiny black moss that covers some granite boulders high up above the tree-line – it is very slippery when wet, and rough enough to cut your skin.

You are likely to see on distant rocks a single marmot, or a whole family basking in the sun. This large brown rodent is closely related to the squirrel, but in size and shape comparable to the badger. You will probably hear its gull-like yelp, even if you fail to see the animal itself. Also above the tree-line you may see groups of chamois – the symbol of the TANAP national park in Slovakia, and of the mountain guides in Poland – springing nimbly from ledge to precarious ledge. Binoculars would certainly be an advantage at this level.

High above, the rock eagle may be seen hovering, then perhaps swooping down on its unsuspecting prey.

Sub-nival zone (above 2300m)

The very highest part of the High Tatras is called the sub-nival (‘below the snowline’) zone, that is, below the level where snow always exists (of course, in this area, that only occurs close to the highest summits). Even at this altitude a wide variety of very tough species can be found if you look carefully, such as mosses, lichens, and in summer the glacier gentian.

Among the fauna, birds of prey are predominant, especially eagles, yet even among the rocks such creatures as ermine, snow-vole and species of mountain mice may be hiding. Some lower areas in the north-facing Polish High Tatras, where snow always exists, are in effect ‘sub-nival’ – in particular Kociol Mi­ęguszowiecki to the south of Morskie Oko, the big tarn in the southeast corner.

Weather

As in all mountain ranges, one thing you can be sure of in the Tatras is that the weather will be changeable. The High Tatras are even more exposed to climatic changes than most other ranges, because of their comparatively small area and great elevation at the heart of Europe, and the weather in the mountains may be completely different from that in the surrounding plains.

Summer is a short season in the mountains – from the beginning of July to the end of August. The Tatras experience high precipitation, which may fall as snow on higher ground. July and especially August are generally the warmest months, but as usual in mountains the hotter the weather the greater the likelihood of thunderstorms – the areas in Slovakia around Veľka Svišťovka, and in Poland around Giewont, Morskie Oko and Czerwone Wierchy, are particularly prone to thunderstorms between noon and 2pm.

The average daytime temperature in the mountain resorts in summer is 20–22°C (68–72°F), but it may be much cooler first thing in the morning and in the late evening.

It is often the case in summer that there are blue skies in the morning, a gathering of clouds during the late morning and early afternoon, followed by a heavy downpour and perhaps a thunderstorm, then the blue skies return in the evening. Do not let this weather pattern detract from the enjoyment of a day’s excursion, but allow for it in the plan. Be ready to set off early on a fine morning, so that you can either be back in the village when the storm breaks, or enjoy an extended lunch in a hospitable chalet.

In late June and early July you can expect to find some paths blocked by snow for short stretches, but in most cases walkers will have trodden a path across it.

Autumn is the best season for many walkers, from the end of August to mid October, when the weather is more settled, warmer than in spring, the air is clear and crisp, and the walking is delightful – albeit sometimes restricted by early snow at higher levels. The average daytime temperature in the resorts is 10–12°C (50–54°F), but it should be warmer at the end of August and beginning of September.

Winter walking (November to March) can be invigorating and charming, providing you take necessary precautions – see ‘Winter walking’, page 59.

Spring is not generally a good time for walking in mountains. In late March and April there is a high risk of avalanches. In May and early June the lower routes are awash from melting snow.

In Slovakia the higher routes are closed from 1 November until 15 June, to protect hibernating animals during the winter, and baby wild animals being reared in spring. In Poland there is no formal closure period, but in practice some routes are impassable at times – you can check at the national park information office on the way to Kuźnice, or at the huts where entry fees are collected. In this book, an indication is given for each route as to whether it is likely to be open or closed during this period.

Avalanche warnings are posted when necessary at the start of walking routes. In Poland a grading system applies, ranging from Level 1 (slight) to Level 5 (severe). Obviously if there is danger of an avalanche you should avoid that area.

Weather forecasts in English are available online for the whole area, for example at accuweather.com or weather.com, or from your hotel reception. Or you may prefer to get a weather app for your smartphone. If you’re planning a long day in the mountains, it would be advisable to double-check at a national park office as local conditions can vary.

Please read ‘Mountain safety and emergency services’, page 54, regarding wind chill and altitude factors.

National parks

The whole of the High and White Tatras ranges, as well as most of the Western Tatras, are included in the Tatransky Národny Park (TANAP) in Slovakia, or the Tatrzański Park Narodowy (TPN) in Poland (both mean Tatras National Park). Established in 1949 (Slovakia) and 1954 (Poland), the two organisations on either side of the border work closely together to protect the natural environment and provide facilities for rest and enjoyment. Together they cover approximately 730sq km, of which 70% lies in Slovakia, 30% in Poland.

Most facilities you will use while walking in the Tatras are provided by the national park authorities: path building and maintenance, waymarking, nature trails, guides and wardening.

As in all national parks, there are strict prohibitions to protect the environment. These are really just common sense, and would be followed as a matter of normal practice by all readers of this guide, but for the record you are forbidden to: walk away from the waymarked routes, or take short cuts on bends; pick flowers, mushrooms or fruits of the forest; break off branches; set up tents anywhere except in designated campsites; light fires; swim or use boats anywhere except places specified for these activities; leave litter; damage or remove any notices or waymarks. Failure to observe these very sensible rules may result in a heavy fine. See the Mountain Code and Visitors’ Charter in Appendix E.

National park rangers in both Slovakia and Poland wear a green uniform and a badge, which in Slovakia bears the words ‘Strážca Tanapu’ (TANAP Ranger), and in Poland an edelweiss emblem. Mountain rescue personnel and guides wear red sweaters bearing the blue cross mountain rescue badge.

The administrative headquarters of the Slovak TANAP is in Tatranská Lomnica, in a modern building 500m east of the railway station. It also contains a research institute and an interesting museum, which displays various aspects of life in the park. The reception counter sells a range of maps and guides in English (including a guide leaflet to the museum), and there is an audio-visual display in the morning and afternoon. There is also a TANAP office in Tatranská Štrba. The headquarters of the mountain rescue service in the Slovak Tatras is in Starý Smokovec.

In Poland the headquarters of TPN and mountain rescue are at Kuźnice, on your left as you approach the cable-car station. They also run an information office and small museum, easily recognised by its impressive carved wooden colonnades, beside the roundabout at the foot of the approach road (Rondo Jana Pawła II).

Languages

English is becoming more widely spoken as a result of the increase in English-speaking visitors, and because children are learning it at school. Even so, it will help visitors to have an understanding of the Polish and Slovak languages, the pronunciation of place names and the meaning of some words.

Both are descended from Old Slavonic, which was almost universally spoken by Slav peoples until the Middle Ages, and there are still many similarities between the two languages. Slovak is also very similar to Czech, but there are some subtle and some substantial differences.

The pronunciation of Slav languages can be very difficult for English speakers. Some words appear impossible to pronounce, with far too few vowels, or even none at all, in relation to the number of consonants, especially in Polish, where the faint-hearted may give up halfway through the first syllable of some words. The single letters k, s, v and z in Slovak, and w and z in Polish, are words in their own right.

In both Slovak and Polish most letters are pronounced as in English – remember that g is always hard, as in ‘goat’. In Slovak, the stress nearly always goes on the first syllable. In Polish it usually goes on the penultimate syllable. However, in the local dialect spoken by the Góral (highlander) people, who inhabit parts of the Tatras on both sides of the border, the first syllable is stressed. The differences are described to the best of our ability in Appendix A, although some sounds are almost impossible to explain in writing.

A wide variety of diacritics (accents) appears over some letters, affecting the way they are pronounced – see Appendix A.

There are no definite or indefinite articles in either language. All nouns and place names have gender – masculine, feminine or neuter – and this together with grammatical cases affects the endings of many words in a way that is far too complicated to describe in detail here, but you should be prepared for the names of people and places to appear in a multitude of versions. Tatra can also be seen in Slovak as Tatry, Tatier, Tatrám, Tatrách and Tatrami; in Polish as Tatry, Tatr, Tatrami and Tatrach. Even your name may be rendered in several ways. In Slovak, Colin Saunders can also appear as Colina Saundersa, Colinovi Saundersovi or Colinom Saundersom, while Renáta Nárožná may appear as Renáty Narožnej, Renáte Nárožnej or Renátou Nárožnou. In Polish, also as Colina Saundersa, Colinowi Saundersowi or Colinem Saundersem; Renáty Nárožny, Renácie Nárožnie, Renát­ę Nárožnę­ or Renátą Nárožná.

In this book we use where possible the unaffected versions of names for simplicity, but on maps, signposts and so on, you may find the endings altered.

Appendix A contains a glossary of words that you are likely to encounter on the Tatras maps, or in the mountains and villages, as well as some useful words or phrases, for example to help you order a drink or a meal. For further help, you can buy inexpensive pocket dictionaries in bookshops in the Tatras resorts (see Shopping and Services information in Sections 3 and 4 for each country), and in specialist bookshops in English-speaking countries.

Place names

In this book we use Slovak or Polish place names as appropriate, and translate them where possible, either in the main text or in the gazetteers, to add interest and help with identification. Note that some places in the Tatras have slightly different names in Slovak and Polish – we use where possible the name that is relevant to the location.

When using Polish and Slovak maps, it is easy to get confused by a number of situations that have arisen over the years. The following is an attempt at clarification, although you may be none the wiser by the end.

On Slovak maps, for names applied to geographical features, you will see that it is customary to use lower case for the initial letter of the type of feature (such as tarn, valley, saddle), whether this comes first or second, such as Skalnaté pleso, Suchý žľab, Lomnicky štít, Kopské sedlo, Kôprová dolina, hrebeň Svištových veží, pleso Nad Skokom. This looks wrong to English speakers, so in this book we have given capital letters to all the words, to make clear that they are all part of the place name. In Slovak there is an exception to the rule when applied to the names of towns or villages, when both words have capital letters, for example Štrbské Pleso, Kežmarské Žľaby.

High up in Malá Studená Dolina (Green 5812A) (photo: R Turnbull)

On Polish maps, as in English, all words in the names of geographical features start with capital letters, except where prepositions are included.

In Slovak place names, as in English, it is usually (but not always) correct to put the type of geographical feature last, such as chata (chalet), dolina (valley), pleso (tarn), polana (clearing), potok (brook), sedlo (saddle or pass) and vrch (hill).

In Polish it is usually (but not always) correct to put, for example, dolina (valley), polana (clearing), hala (pasture), jaskinia (cave) and schronisko (refuge) first, but some Polish mapmakers have chosen to show these terms last in some (but not all) cases. However, potok (brook), przełęcz (saddle or pass), staw (tarn) and wierch (hill) nearly always come last on all maps. Sometimes the correct procedure is abandoned, simply because the opposite sounds better to native ears, as in Siwa Polana. In this guidebook we try to follow the correct procedure, but what is correct is not always clear.

Bear in mind that the circumstances and names of some places and chalets shown on older maps may have changed since your map was published. In Slovakia the chalet Chata Kapitána Rašu (near Tri Studničky) has burned down, Chata Kapitána Morávku (at Popradské Pleso) has been renamed Chata pri Popradskom Plese, and Poľana Kamzik (near Hrebienok) has been renamed Starolesnianska Poľana.

In Poland the refuges are usually known by a name that is shorter than that shown on maps, and some older maps may show names that are no longer used. The saddle that is known to local people as Raczkowa Przełę­cz is shown on some maps as Gaborowa Przełęcz Wyžnia, with a note that the other name is ­incorrect.

We try to explain these situations in the text or gazetteers, where relevant, and hope that it will not be too confusing.

Border controls

In 2007 Poland and Slovakia became members of the Schengen Convention, which meant that they had to abolish border controls between the two countries. Now you can normally cross the border freely at all accessible points, including Rysy, where eagle-eyed guards once ensured that walkers returned the way they came. However, there may be times when guards or customs officials are required to set up temporary controls, so always take your passport if planning to cross the border.

See also ‘Cross-border walking’.