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Acknowledgments

Obviously, such an undertaking is not possible without considerable help and cooperation. As an alumnus of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, I have had opportunities to return to Greece and gather evidence on rhetoric’s early history. I have also been fortunate enough to enjoy the continued support and cooperation of the American School as well as the Greek Ministry of Culture and the Greek Archaeological Service, who generously granted permission to reproduce rare epigraphical sources central to this work as well as several figures and drawings. Appreciation is also extended to the Ancient World Mapping Center at The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill for granting permission to reproduce maps of Greece, Italy, Sicily and Crete. I also wish to acknowledge the generosity of Sage Publications for permitting me to use material I presented in Oral and Written Communication: Historical Approaches with John Ackerman, as well as Theresa Enos for material out of my essay in the Fall 1992 issue of Rhetoric Review. I also wish to thank Victor Vitanza, editor of Pre/Text, and Elizabeth Odoroff for permission to use earlier material on the development of rhetoric. Similarly, I wish to thank James J. Murphy and Lawrence Erlbaum Associates for allowing me to use material from my chapter in the second edition of A Short History of Writing Instruction, as well as Phillip Sipiora, James S. Baumlin and SUNY Press for permission to use my earlier research from their volume, Rhetoric and Kairos: Essays in History, Theory, and Praxis. I also thank the editors of Rhetoric Society Quarterly, the publishers at Wiley-Blackwell, Taylor & Francis, the University of Tennessee Press, and (once again) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, who were all equally generous in allowing me to draw from my earlier work. Through their generosity, I was able to add work that I have done since the first edition. The author wishes to express appreciation to all parties for their efforts, particularly the international transactions of Richard Helppie, and Sally Helppie for her consultation on international copyright permission.

I have also had the assistance of several libraries, including those at The University of Michigan, Indiana University, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Carnegie Mellon University, The University of Pittsburgh, Texas Christian University, Rice University, and the Epigraphical Museum at Athens. The results of these efforts have enabled me to compile both primary sources and difficult-to-acquire secondary scholarship. This evidence, in the form of epigraphy, literary fragments, scholia (ancient commentary) and archaeological evidence provides the source material for a much more specific rendering of the emergence of rhetoric as a discipline than our present anecdotal description permits. As mentioned above, the task of reconstructing this evidence is a monumental one, but my preliminary review, which includes archaeological and epigraphical reports of holdings at repositories, leads me to believe that this primary evidence will not only provide information on rhetoric’s evolution as an art but also its place within a culture evolving from an oral to a literate society. Records from the Epigraphical Museum at Athens, for example, list inscriptions that bear directly on the political relationships between Athens and Sicily dealing with rhetoric. Additionally, literary and dramatic contests, with winners’s names and cities of origin inscribed on stone monuments, offer another valuable source of information.

Finally, I wish to acknowledge here support of a different sort, the kind that encourages and nurtures the research done at the centers mentioned above. First and foremost, I wish to acknowledge The National Endowment for the Humanities, whose generous stipend made this project possible. I am indebted to my family, colleagues and students such as Elizabeth Baddour for their encouragement and enthusiasm to continue my work. I particularly wish to thank Texas Christian University for supporting humanistic studies in rhetoric. I also wish to thank my colleagues who are not only in the halls of my department but across the country, for they form a community whose nurturing is invaluable. Sarah Yoder Skripsky, Amy K. Hermanson, Wendy Williams, and Michelle Iten all read versions of this manuscript and made many valuable suggestions. The readers for Parlor Press, Jenny Bay and Thomas Rickert made observations and suggestions that served as an invaluable guide in my revision. David Blakesley, the Publisher of Parlor Press, has been consistently supportive throughout the revision of this work . . . a trait that mirrors his distinguished career both as a scholar and publisher. I wish to thank Richard E. Young, who has been my colleague for a period that now spans four decades and who, even in his retirement, continues to teach me about rhetoric. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to associates whom we have lost but will always remember: Fathers Walter Ong and William Grimaldi, as well as James L. Kinneavy, Edward P. J. Corbett, and Wilbur Samuel Howell.