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These notes include all the authors to whom Bellarmine refers. More information and suggestions for further readings can be found in the Dictionnaire de droit canonique, the Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, and the Oxford Classical Dictionary.

Ado of Vienne (d. ca. 875), ecclesiastical historian, author of a chronicle of the world and of a martyrology.

Adrian VI (Adrian of Utrecht) (1459-1523), pope; Cardinal Inquisitor of Aragón, Navarre, Castile, and León; viceroy to Spain for Emperor Charles V; and author of a commentary on Lombard’s Sententiae and a text of Quodlibeta.

Aegidius Bellamera (Giles de Bellemère) (ca. 1342-1407), canonist and bishop of Avignon, author of various commentaries on the canon law.

Aerius of Pontus (fourth century), Christian presbyter who questioned some Christian tenets and practices such as the primacy of bishops over laymen and the prayers for the dead.

Agatho (d. 681), pope; under his pontificate the Sixth Ecumenical Council was held in Constantinople in 680-81.

Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (1486-1535), German humanist scholar and author of De vanitate scientiarum, a work skeptical of humanistic and historical studies.

Aimoinus of Fleury (tenth century), monk and author of a history of the Franks.

Alexander of Hales (d. 1245), Franciscan theologian and author of several works, including an unfinished Summa universae theologiae.

Alexander of St. Elpidio (d. 1326), Augustinian monk and author of a number of theological and ecclesiological treatises in which he defended the pope’s primacy over the Church with arguments very similar to those of his fellow Augustinian, Giles of Rome, whose work he often referred to.

Alexius I Comnenus (ca. 1048-1118), Byzantine emperor who participated in the first crusade.

Alfonso Alvarez Guerrero (d. 1574), Portuguese jurist who served in Italy under Charles V, ending his legal career as president of the supreme tribunal in Naples before quitting it to become a priest and, in 1572, bishop of Monopoli. In a series of important works he attacked the authority of the pope in temporal matters and defended the superiority of the council over the pope; these writings included the Thesaurus Christianae religionis and De modo et ordine generalis concilii celebrandi.

Almain, Jacques (ca. 1480-1515), theologian at the University of Paris and author of several works on ecclesiology (De potestate ecclesiastica et laica, Libellus de auctoritate ecclesiae, Quaestio resumptiva) and a commentary on the fourth book of Peter Lombard’s Sententiae.

Alvarus Pelagius (ca. 1275-1352), Franciscan friar, bishop of Silves in Portugal, and scholar of canon and civil law. His works include De statu et planctu ecclesiae and Speculum regum dedicated to King Alfonso XI of Castile.

Ambrose (ca. 340-97), bishop of Milan from 374. One of the most influential Fathers of the Church and often quoted for his engagement in his pastoral duty, he wrote extensive homilies on the Bible, treatises on ecclesiastical and ecclesiological matters, and works against Arianism and on ethics, among them De officiis ministrorum, from which Bellarmine often quotes.

Anastasius, Flavius (ca. 430-518), Byzantine emperor.

Anastasius II, pope between 496 and 498.

Anselm of Canterbury (d. 1109), saint and Father of the Church. He was a prominent theologian and author of many theological, philosophical, and devotional treatises and is well known for his “ontological proof” of God’s existence.

Anselm of Lucca (ca. 1035-86), bishop, canonist, and author of exegetical works. He supported vigorously Pope Gregory VII against Emperor Henry IV.

Anthimus (sixth century), patriarch of Constantinople and a supporter of the Monophysite heresy.

Antonino of Florence (1389-1459), archbishop of Florence, saint, and a Dominican theologian. He was the author of Summa theologica moralis and other Scholastic works, as well as a historical work, the Chronicon, from the beginning of the world until the year 1360.

Antonius Cordubensis (d. 1578), Spanish Franciscan theologian and author of Quaestionarium theologicum.

Apelles (second century), adherent of Gnosticism.

Aquinas, Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas.

Aretius, Benedictus (1522-74), Protestant theologian who wrote in support of Valentino Gentile’s execution.

Aristotle (384-22 B.C.), the most authoritative ancient Greek philosopher during the Middle Ages as the result of Aquinas’s interpretation of Aristotle’s philosophy. Aristotle’s Politics became the basis of the Scholastic understanding of the nature, origin, and aim of the political commonwealth.

Arius (d. 336), heresiarch and founder of Arianism, a heresy that refused to consider the Son to be of the same essence and substance as the Father.

Astesanus from Asti, or Astiensis (d. 1330), Franciscan monk and author of Summa de casibus, or Summa Astensis, a collection of cases of conscience containing many references to canon and civil law and meant to serve as a manual for priests.

Athanasius (d. 373), bishop of Alexandria, saint, and Father of the Church; he was the author of many anti-Arian works.

Aufreri, Etienne (Stephanus Aufrerius) (ca. 1458-1511), jurist, president of the inquests in the parliament of Toulouse, and author of a number of legal and ecclesiological works.

Augustine (354-430), bishop of Hippo beginning in 396 and Doctor of the Church. His Confessions is often considered the first autobiography in Western literature. His writings include more than one hundred treatises and commentaries, more than two hundred letters, and more than five hundred sermons. Among his works the De civitate Dei, a historical, philosophical, and theological reflection on the relation between temporal and secular authority, the meaning of history, and the significance of pagan philosophy and its relationship with Christian theology, is especially important. Among Augustine’s many contributions to Christian thought is his theology of grace, with influenced Luther and Calvin. Bellarmine engaged deeply with Augustinianism and its view on grace, particularly when dealing with the delicate controversy de auxiliis, an issue that pitted members of Bellarmine’s own order, the Society of Jesus, against members of the Dominican Order.

Baconthorpe, John (Bacon) (d. 1346), an English Carmelite theologian and the author of numerous works, including a series of commentaries on the Gospel and a relatively influential commentary on Lombard’s Sententiae.

Baldus de Ubaldis (ca. 1327-1400), professor of law in Pisa, Perugia, Florence, and Pavia, where he also taught canon law. He was one of the most important jurists of his time and wrote a number of commentaries on canon and Roman law.

Balsamon, Theodore (twelfth century), Byzantine canonist.

Bañez, Domingo (1528-1604), Dominican theologian and pupil of Francisco de Vitoria. He was professor of theology at the University of Salamanca, and his works include a commentary on Aquinas’s Summa. He took part in the controversy de auxiliis against Molina.

Baronius, Cesare (1538-1607), cardinal and author of the influential Annales Ecclesiastici, covering up to the year 1198. This work was directed against the “Magdeburg Centuries” (1559-74), the first universal Protestant church history (cf. Matthias Flacius Illyricus).

Bartolus from Sassoferrato (ca. 1313-57), professor of law in Pisa and Perugia and one of the most influential jurists of his time. He wrote commentaries on almost the entire Corpus iuris civilis.

Basil the Great (ca. 330-79), saint, bishop, and Doctor of the Church. He was the author of many exegetical, moral, and homiletic works.

Bernard of Clairvaux (ca. 1090-ca. 1153), saint and author of, among other writings, numerous sermons and a small treatise titled De consideratione, on the duty of the pope, which contained many passages that Bellarmine and other theologians used as key references in works on papal authority.

Bernold of Constance (d. ca. 1100), historian and continuator of Hermann Contractus’s chronicle.

Beza, Théodore (1519-1605), French reformer, collaborator, and successor of Calvin in Geneva. In his De hereticis a magistratu puniendis, a defense of Calvin’s execution of Servetus, and in De iure magistratum, Beza offers an important exposition of the Calvinist theory of resistance.

Bibliander, Theodorus (Theodor Buchmann) (1506-64), a Swiss reformer and famous linguist, who published a Hebrew grammar, a Latin translation of the Koran, and works of biblical exegesis.

Biel, Gabriel (ca. 1420-95), professor of theology and author of an influential commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sententiae. Biel was well known as a representative of Nominalist thought.

Biondo, Flavio (1392-1463), Italian humanist and historian who authored a number of important works, including a trilogy on Roman history and architecture and Historiarum decades, a history of the world since the end of the Roman Empire.

Bonaventure (1221-74), saint and theologian of Augustinian inclinations. He wrote an extensive commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sententiae, together with many other mystical, theological, and ecclesiological works. His writings, especially the mystical ones, have been translated repeatedly, but some appear to be lost.

Boniface (ca. 675-754), saint and archbishop of Mainz. He was a Christian missionary in the Frankish empire and became known as the “Apostle of Germany.”

Boniface VIII (ca. 1235-1303), pope (1294-1303) and key figure in the question of papal authority. During his controversy with King Philip the Fair of France, the pope issued a series of bulls, such as the Unam sanctam, which became crucial for the following debate over the pope’s plenitude of power. Boniface’s concern with canon law resulted in a collection of Decretales, the Liber sextus, to be added to the five books of Gregory IX (Decretales Gregorii IX, 1234).

Bozio, Francesco (d. 1635), Oratorian Father under whose name the treatise De temporali ecclesiae monarchia appeared in 1602, although much of the work must be attributed to Tommaso Bozio, his brother and fellow Oratorian. This treatise was one of the most vigorous assertions of the absolute authority of the pope in both temporal and spiritual matters.

Brenz, Johannes (1499-1570), one of the leaders of the Reformation in Germany.

Burchard of Ursperg (d. ca. 1230), monk and author of a well-known chronicle, which was for a long time attributed to Konrad of Lichtenau, his successor as abbot of Ursperg.

Cajetan (Tommaso de Vio) (1469-1534), cardinal and general of the Dominicans. Cajetan was a well-known theologian whose works included a commentary on Aquinas’s Summa, which became a classic reference for Scholastic theologians.

Cassander, George (1513-66), Flemish humanist and promoter of religious peace between Protestants and Catholics. His anonymous treatise, De officio pii viri, which advocated religious toleration, pleased neither Catholics nor Protestants.

Castaldi, Ristoro (Restaurus Castaldus) (d. 1564), a professor of law in Perugia and Bologna.

Castro, Alfonso de (ca. 1495-1558), Franciscan friar, jurist, theologian, and author of many works, including De iusta haereticorum punitione.

Cedrenus, George (eleventh century), Byzantine historian and author of a chronicle covering the period from the creation to his own times.

Charlemagne (ca. 742-814), king of the Franks. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas day in the year 800. The role of the pope in the transfer of the empire, the translatio imperii, from Rome to the Franks, was a key polemical weapon in the medieval and early modern discussion of papal authority in temporal matters.

Chrysostom, John (ca. 347-407), one of the most influential doctors and preachers in the Greek Church, becoming bishop of Constantinople in 398. He was a prolific writer, and Bellarmine quotes often from his numerous homilies or commentaries on the New Testament (more than fifty of those homilies were dedicated to the Acts of the Apostles).

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.), philosopher and orator. Cicero’s eclectic moral and political philosophy was much quoted by Christian authors in Bellarmine’s time, and humanist scholars regarded his style as achieving one of the highest peaks of Latin prose.

Clarus, Julius (Giulio Claro) (ca. 1525-75), Italian humanist and jurist, an expert in civil and penal law.

Cochlaeus, Johann (1479-1552), prolific Catholic controversialist.

Conradus Brunus (Konrad Braun) (ca. 1491-1563), Catholic theologian and canonist, who wrote a number of anti-Protestant works. His De legationibus was a treatise on the legal obligations and rights of ambassadors.

Constantine the Great (ca. 280-337), Roman emperor who converted to Christianity and whose Edict of Milan, or Edict of Constantine, promulgated in 313, allowed Christians freedom of worship. The “Donation of Constantine” was supposed to be a document by which the emperor gave to Pope Sylvester I temporal authority over Italy, and as such it was widely quoted in the medieval debate over the pope’s plenitude of power and his rights in temporal matters. Lorenzo Valla, an Italian humanist (ca. 1405-57), proved the document to be a forgery. Today scholarship is able to date the forged document to a period between the second half of the eighth century and the first half of the ninth.

Covarrubias y Leiva, Diego de (1512-77), Spanish jurist and theologian, pupil of Vitoria and professor at Salamanca. He was the author of many ecclesiological and theological treatises.

Cujas, Jacques (also known as “Jurisconsultus”) (1522-90), an important French jurist and author of a commentary on Roman law.

Cyprian (d. 258), saint and bishop of Carthage, whose works include numerous epistles and a treatise against Novatian titled De Catholicae Ecclesiae unitate.

Cyprianus Benetus Aragonensis (d. 1522), a Dominican professor of theology and author of several theological and ecclesiological treatises.

Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444), Doctor of the Church and author of many works, including numerous commentaries on the Old and New Testaments and various theological and apologetic treatises and sermons.

Diocletian, Aurelius Valerius (ca. 245-312), Roman emperor who in 303 ordered the destruction of the Christian churches and thus started a bitter persecution.

Dionysius the Areopagite, an Athenian whom Paul converted to Christianity (Acts 17:34) and to whom was attributed a series of theological treatises. This attribution has been discarded: the works have been dated to between the end of the fifth century and the beginning of the sixteenth century, and the author is now known as “pseudo-Dionysius.” Most often quoted by medieval and early modern theologicians are his works De coelesti hierarchia and De ecclesiastica hierarchia.

Dionysius of Alexandria (d. 265), bishop and Father of the Church, mainly known to us through Eusebius, which see.

Dionysius (Denys), the Carthusian (ca. 1402-71), monk and theologian, author of numerous works ranging from mystical writings to ecclesiological treatises and exegetical commentaries on the Bible.

Dodechinus (end of twelfth century to beginning of thirteenth century), continuator of Marianus Scotus’s chronicle.

Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus) (51-96), Roman emperor and a fierce persecutor of the Christians.

Driedo, John (ca. 1480-1535), theologian at the University of Louvain and author of, among other works, De gratia et libero arbitrio, De libertate Christiana, and De ecclesiasticis scripturis et dogmatibus.

Duns Scotus, John (ca. 1265-1308), Scottish-born Franciscan theologian who taught in England, France, and Germany. His philosophy departed from Aristotelianism in important points and embraced many Augustinian elements.

Durand, Guillaume (Durandus) (ca. 1235-96), bishop of Mende and author of numerous theological, liturgical, and juridical works, including the Rationale divinorum officiorum and the Speculum iudiciale.

Durandus of St. Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) (ca. 1270-1334), Dominican theologian of Nominalist tendencies and author of De origine iurisdictionis, a treatise supporting the plenitudo potestatis of the pope.

Einhard (ca. 775-840), courtier and historian whose works include a biography of Charlemagne.

Epiphanius of Salamis (d. ca. 403), bishop and author of many theological and apologetic works against the heresies of his time, in particular Panarion (“cabinet of medicine”), a multivolume catalog of about eighty heresies.

Eucherius (d. ca. 449), saint and theologian; author of various homilies and theological works.

Eunomius (fourth century), disciple of Aetius and founder of Eunomianism, a heretical sect that shared many tenets with Arianism.

Eusebius (ca. 260-340), bishop of Caesarea, a historian, and a prolific commentator on the Bible. His best-known works, which Bellarmine refers to often, are De vita Constantini, Historia ecclesiastica (translated into Latin by Rufinus), and the Chronicle, partially translated into Latin by Jerome.

Eustathius of Sebaste (fourth century), monk involved in the Arian and semi-Arian debates.

Eutyches (fifth century), heresiarch after whom is named the Euthychian or Monophysite heresy. This heresy rejected Nestorianism’s insistence on Christ’s double person and held that Christ’s human nature was incorporated by his divine nature so as to almost disappear.

Evagrius (d. after 594), called “Scholasticus” to distinguish him from Evagrius Ponticus, a fourth-century author of important ascetical works. He wrote a Historia ecclesiastica, which was intended as a continuation of Eusebius’s Historia.

Faber Runcinus, Johannes (Jean Faure) (d. ca. 1340), jurist and author of a series of commentaries on Justinian’s Institutiones and of a Breviarium on Justinian’s Code.

Felino Maria Sandeo (Felinus) (ca. 1444-1503), professor of canon law in Ferrara and Pisa and author of a series of commentaries on the Liber extra (cf. Raymond of Peñafort).

Fitzralph, Richard (Armachanus) (ca. 1295-1360), archbishop of Armagh and author of Summa in quaestionibus Armenorum, a treatise against Greek and Armenian doctrines, and of De pauperie salvatoris, on poverty.

Gaguin, Robert (ca. 1433-1501), French humanist and historian of France.

Galen (second century), Greek physician and natural philosopher.

Gambari, Pietro Andrea (Gambarinus) (1480-1528), professor of canon law in Bologna and author of several juridical treatises.

Gaudentius (end of fourth century to beginning of fifth century), Donatist bishop of Thamugada.

Gelasius I (d. 496), pope and saint, prolific author whose letters are frequently referred to by Bellarmine.

Gellius, Aulus (second century), Roman author of the multivolume Noctes Atticae, an eclectic collection of anecdotes and miscellaneous information.

Génebrard, Gilbert (1535-97), Benedictine monk and professor of Hebrew in Paris who first opposed, then endorsed, the accession of Henri of Navarre to the throne of France. He was the author of numerous works of ecclesiology and exegesis, including an edition of the works of Origen.

Gennadius (late sixth century), Roman nobleman who was appointed prefect of the African province of the Roman empire by Emperor Mauritius and who was one of Gregory I’s correspondents.

Gentile, Giovanni Valentino (1520-66), Italian humanist who propagated antitrinitarian doctrines in central and eastern Europe. He was executed in Berne.

Geoffrey of Viterbo (ca. 1120-96), member of the court of Emperor Henry VI and author of historical works and a Speculum regum, dedicated to Henry and his father, Frederick.

Gerson, Jean (1363-1429), theologian and chancellor of the University of Paris. He was a supporter of the conciliarist theory at the Council of Constance and is the author of De potestate Ecclesiae, De unitate Ecclesiae, De vita spirituali animae, and other works.

Giles of Rome (Aegidius Romanus) (Egidio Colonna) (ca. 1247-1316), Augustinian monk, general of Augustinian Order (1292-95), and professor of theology at Paris. He was closely linked to Pope Boniface VIII, who conferred on him the title of archbishop of Bourges and whose political and theological positions Giles defended in De regimine principum and De ecclesiastica potestate, which became a key reference for the following debates on papal authority.

Giovanni of Anagni (d. ca. 1457), professor of canon law in Bologna and author of influential commentaries on the Decretales.

Glycas, Michael (twelfth century), Byzantine historian who wrote a chronicle from the creation to the death of Emperor Alexius Comnenus.

Gratian (ca. 359-83), Roman emperor.

Gratian (d. before 1150), jurist from Bologna and author of a compilation of texts known as the Concordia discordantium canonum, or Decretum Gratiani, which constitutes the bulk of canon law.

Gregory I (Gregory the Great) (ca. 540-604), pope from 590 onward, was extremely influential in asserting the religious, political, and social power of the Church after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. He was instrumental in converting the king of the Lombards. He was the author of many commentaries on the Bible, especially the much cited Moralia on the Book of Job, and of an equally well-known treatise on the duties of bishops, De cura pastorali or Liber regulae pastoralis.

Gregory VII (Hildebrand of Soana) (ca. 1020-85), pope from 1073 and protagonist in the investiture controversy against Emperor Henry IV. He was also the supposed author of the Dictatus papae (1075), a series of propositions that strongly assert the preeminence of the pope both within the Church and with respect to the political authority, and of numerous epistles.

Gregory of Nazianzus (ca. 325-89), saint and Doctor of the Church. His works include several orations which Bellarmine quotes often, as well as poetic works.

Gregory of Tours (ca. 538-ca. 94), saint and bishop. He wrote theological and historical works; among the latter his Historia Francorum is often quoted by Bellarmine.

Gregory of Valencia (ca. 1540-1603), Jesuit professor of theology in Ingolstadt and Rome and author of a very influential commentary on Aquinas’s Summa, the Commentariorum theologicorum tomi quatuor (1591). He was closely involved in the controversy de auxiliis, as the chosen spokesman for the Jesuit position in the early phase of the controversy.

Henry II (972-1024), Holy Roman Emperor and saint.

Henry IV (1050-1108), Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Gregory VII in 1076 in the context of the investiture controversy.

Henry of Ghent (d. 1293), a Scholastic philosopher and theologian whose many works include a Summa (incomplete) and a series of Quodlibeta.

Hermann Contractus (1013-54), monk and author of a universal chronicle as well as a variety of theological, poetical, and mathematical works.

Hervé de Nedellec (Hervaeus Natalis) (ca. 1260-1323), general of the Dominicans and author of the hierocratic treatise De potestate ecclesiastica papali.

Hessels, Jean (Joannes from Louvain) (1522-66), theologian and author of many works of controversy against Protestants, as well as a catechism.

Hilary of Poitiers (d. 368), bishop and saint, vigorous opponent of Arianism and author of several exegetical and apologetic works.

Hincmar (ca. 806-82), archbishop of Reims and author of several theological, devotional, and historical works.

Holcot, Robert (ca. 1290-1349), English Dominican theologian and author of a well-known commentary on the Book of Wisdom.

Honorius (d. 423), Roman emperor. He was the son of Theodosius I, who, at his death in 395, divided the empire into western and eastern parts and gave Honorius the western part.

Hosius of Cordova (ca. 256-358), bishop and one of the most important and vocal opponents of the Arian heresy although he was rumored to have slipped into philo-Arian positions late in life.

Hostiensis (Henricus de Segusio) (d. 1271), cardinal bishop of Ostia and professor of canon law in Paris. He was the author of a number of theological and juridical works, including a Summa and a series of commentaries on canon law.

Hugh of St. Victor (ca. 1096-1141), monk and theologian whose works include De sacramentis Christianae fidei, in which he explained his theory that the ecclesia should be distinguished from the order of the clergy, as an organism composed of both laymen and clergy, just as man is composed of body and soul. As the soul must rule the body, so in the ecclesia the ecclesiastical part must rule, and even establish, the secular part.

Hydatius (fourth century), bishop of Mérida and one of the opponents of the heretic Priscillian.

Illyricus, Matthias Flacius (1520-75), Lutheran reformer and one of the most influential historians among the Centuriators of Magdeburg, authors of the Ecclesiastica historia (the “Magdeburg Centuries”).

Innocent I (d. 417), pope and author of many epistles to which Bellarmine often refers.

Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi) (d. 1254), pope and professor of canon law in Bologna. He was the author of a very influential commentary on the five books of Gregory’s Decretales.

Irenaeus (late second to early third centuries), saint and Father of the Church. He wrote many works in Greek, of which only a few are extant in their entirety in later Latin translations; the rest survive only in fragments reported by others.

Isidore of Seville (ca. 560-636), saint and bishop of Seville. He wrote a widely popular Etymologiae, an encyclopedic work arranged as a dictionary on several branches of knowledge.

Isidoro from Milan (Isidoro Isolani) (d. 1528), Dominican theologian and pupil of Silvestro Mazzolini da Prierio, prolific author of theological and ecclesiological works, and of the Revocatio Martini Lutheri Augustiniani ad Sanctam sedem, published anonymously in Cremona in 1519.

Ithacius (fourth century), bishop of Ossanoba and opponent of Priscillian.

Ivo of Chartres (ca. 1040-1115), saint and celebrated canonist and theologian. His works include the Decretum and the Panormia, which were the key references for canon law until Gratian.

James VI and I (1566-1625), king of Scotland as James VI, and, from 1603, king of England and Ireland as James I. He promulgated the 1606 Oath of Allegiance and defended it in his own writings, in particular the Triplici nodo, triplex cuneus, to which Bellarmine responded on several occasions.

Jean de Selve (Joannis de Selva) (1475-1520), influential politician and expert on canon and civil law. He was the author of De beneficio (1504), often reprinted during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Jean Quintin (Haeduus) (ca. 1509-61), professor of canon law at the university of Paris and author of several commentaries on the Corpus iuris canonici.

Jerome (ca. 340-420), saint and Father of the Church. He wrote the Latin translation of the Bible known as Vulgata, which the Council of Trent reasserted as the only allowed version of the Bible. Famously gifted as a linguist, he wrote many commentaries on the Bible and treatises against heresies, especially Pelagianism.

Jerome of Prague (1379-1416), follower of Jan Hus and burned with him at the Council of Constance.

Johannes Andreae (ca. 1270-1348), famous jurist and professor of both canon and civil law in Bologna.

John of Capistrano (1385-1456), saint, Franciscan friar, and author of many ecclesiological and theological treatises, including De auctoritate papae, often referred to by Bellarmine.

John the Deacon (Johannes Hymonides) (ninth century), monk and deacon of the Roman Church, author of a biography of Gregory the Great.

Josephus, Flavius (ca. 37-100), Jewish historian and author of Jewish Antiquities, Jewish War, and Against Apion, all written in Greek.

Jovian (ca. 330-64), Roman emperor, successor of Julian the Apostate.

Julian, Flavius Claudius, “the Apostate” (d. 363), Roman emperor who abandoned the Christian religion and attempted to restore paganism in Rome.

Justinus, Marcus Junianus (third century), Roman historian, author of the Epitoma historiarum Philippicarum.

Karlstadt (Carlstadt) (Andreas Bodenstein) (1486-1541), Protestant reformer and erstwhile collaborator of Luther, who soon disagreed with important Lutheran doctrinal and liturgical points. For example, Karlstadt denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and rejected infant baptism.

Krantz, Albert (ca. 1450-1517), German Catholic historian whose works include the well-known Hamburgenses historiae and Metropolis, sive historia de ecclesiis sub Carolo Magno in Saxonia.

Lambert of Hersfeld (ca. 1024-d. after 1077), Benedictine monk and historian, author of a chronicle of the world from the Creation to the year 1077 and of a history of Germany.

Latomus, Jacobus (Jacques Masson) (1475-1544), professor of theology at Louvain and opponent of Erasmus against whose theology and philological method he wrote De trium linguarum et studii theologici ratione dialogus (1519). He wrote several other theological works against Protestant doctrine and ecclesiology.

Ledesma, Martin (d. ca. 1575), Dominican professor of theology at the University of Coimbra, pupil of Vitoria, and author of an influential commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sententiae.

Leo I (Leo the Great) (d. 461), pope and saint, author of numerous sermons to which Bellarmine often refers.

Leo Ostiensis (Marsicanus) (ca. 1045-1115), Benedictine monk and bishop of Ostia, author of a chronicle of the monastery of Monte Cassino.

Liberatus of Carthage (sixth century), author of an important anti-Nestorian work, Breviarium causae Nestorianorum.

Licinius, Galerius Valerius (ca. 260-325), Roman emperor, defeated by Constantine in 314.

Livy (Titus Livius) (59 B.C.-17 A.D.), one of the most influential Roman historians, thanks to his history of Rome from its foundation to his own days, Ab urbe condita. He was much admired during the Renaissance and subsequently, and the subject of Machiavelli’s Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio.

Louis IX (1214-70), king of France and saint, usually known as St. Louis.

Louis the Pious (778-840), king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor.

Lucius (second century), semilegendary Christian king of Britain.

Marcellus of Ancyra (fourth century), bishop and great opponent of Arianism.

Marcian (d. 457), Eastern Roman Emperor from 450.

Marcion (second century), founder of the heretical sect of Marcionites. Rejecting the Old Testament, they believed that Jesus was not the son of the God of the ancient Covenant, but of the “good” God of the Gospel.

Marianus Scotus (ca. 1028-ca. 1082), Irish monk and author of a Chronicon covering the period from the beginning of the Christian era until 1082.

Martin of Tours (ca. 316-97), saint, bishop, and vigorous opponent of the Priscillian heresy.

Martinus of Lodi (Garatus) (mid-fifteenth century), professor in Pavia and Siena, author of several treatises on both civil and canon law.

Masson, Jean Papire (Papirius Massonius) (1544-1611), French historian and author of a history of France titled Annales, in four volumes, published in 1578, and a series of biographies of popes, De vitis Episcoporum urbis, censored by Bellarmine in 1592.

Matthew Paris (ca. 1200-ca. 1259), Benedictine monk, author of Chronica maiora, a history of the world from creation to the year of his death.

Mayron, Francis (ca. 1280-1327), Franciscan theologian, pupil of Duns Scotus, author of many theological treatises and a commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sententiae.

Mazzolini da Prierio, Silvestro (Sylvester Prierias) (ca. 1460-1523), Dominican theologian and Master of the Sacred Palace, author of an influential Summa Sylvestrina.

Melanchthon, Philip (1497-1560), one of Luther’s main collaborators and a well-known humanist scholar. He was the author of the Loci communes (1521), commonly considered the first systematic exposition of Lutheran theology. He also drafted the Augsburg Confession of 1530.

Miguel de Aninyon (Aniñón) (d. 1596), professor of law and author of the Tractatus de unitate ovilis et pastoris, published in 1578.

Molina, Luis de (1535-1600), Jesuit and one of the most important and controversial theologians of his day. His works include Concordia liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis (1588), which stirred the controversy de auxiliis; a commentary on several parts of Aquinas’s Summa; and De iustitia et iure, a classic text of neo-Thomist political and moral theology, only published in full posthumously.

Montserrat, Guillem (late fifteenth century), Catalan jurist and author of a historical work, De successione regum.

Nauclerus, Johannes (ca. 1425-1510), historian and jurist, author of a chronicle covering the period from the Creation to 1500 by generations.

Navarrus (Martin de Azpilcueta) (ca. 1491-1586), jurist and theologian, author of a series of commentaries on canon law and an influential manual for confessors, Manual de confessores y penitentes (1560).

Nestorius (fifth century), heresiarch and founder of Nestorianism, a heresy that implies some distinction between the divine Christ and the human Christ.

Netter, Thomas (Waldensis) (ca. 1370-1430), Carmelite friar, author of Doctrinale antiquitatum fidei catholicae against John Wyclif.

Nicephorus Callistus (late thirteenth century to early fourteenth century), Byzantine historian, author of Historia ecclesiastica, in eighteen books, covering until 610.

Nicholas of Cusa (Cusanus) (ca. 1401-64), philosopher and theologian. Initially he supported the conciliarist view but later changed his mind and accepted the office of papal legate (1440-47). In 1449 he was appointed a cardinal by Pope Nicholas V.

Nicholas of Lyra (ca. 1270-1340), Franciscan friar and biblical exegete. His Postillae represents a key reference for literal biblical exegesis.

Oecolampadius (Johann Heusegen) (1482-1521), Swiss reformer close to Zwingli’s position on the Eucharist and a gifted humanist scholar who collaborated with Erasmus on Erasmus’s edition of the New Testament.

Optatus of Milevis (fourth century), saint and bishop who vigorously opposed the Donatist heresy with a treatise written as a response to Parmenianus, the Donatist bishop of Carthage.

Origen, Adamantius (ca. 185-ca. 255), Father of the Church and important Neoplatonist interpreter of Christian doctrine, some of whose ideas were later declared heretical by the Christian Church. Origen’s works include De principiis, extensive commentaries on the Bible, and numerous homilies.

Otto I (Otto the Great) (912-73), Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto of Freising (ca. 1111-58), bishop and historian, author of a history of the world from creation to 1146 and of a history of Emperor Frederick I.

Panvinio, Onofrio (1530-68), monk of the Order of the Augustinian Hermits and author of numerous works, including a revision and continuation of Platina’s Liber de vita Christi et omnium pontificum.

Parmenianus (fourth century), Donatist leader, successor of Donatus as bishop of Carthage.

Paulus Aemilius Veronensis (Paolo Emilio da Verona) (ca. 1455-1529), Italian historian and author of a history of the French kings titled De rebus gestis Francorum, left unfinished.

Paulus Diaconus (Paul the Deacon) (ca. 720-99), a Benedictine monk and historian. He was the author of the Historia gentis Longobardorum and Historia Romana, which run up to the time of Justinian.

Paulus Orosius (b. ca. 380-d. after 418), Christian apologist and historian. He wrote, among other works, a Historia adversus paganos that was supposed to complement Augustine’s De civitate Dei.

Pelagius (late fourth to early fifth centuries), founder of the heresy of Pelagianism, which denied that original sin had made it impossible for humans to attain salvation without grace, but assumed that even after Adam’s fall human will was perfectly capable of wanting and accomplishing good. Pelagianism was vigorously attacked by Augustine, among others.

Peter Lombard (ca. 1100-1160), professor of theology at Paris, author of four books of Sententiae that represented a summa of Catholic theology. Before Aquinas’s Summa, Lombard’s Sententiae was the standard textbook of theology.

Petilianus (late fourth to early fifth centuries), Donatist bishop.

Petrus Bertrandus (Pierre Bertrand) (ca. 1280-1349), cardinal bishop of Autun and professor of canon and civil law in Avignon, Montpellier, Paris, and Orléans; author of several works of theology and jurisprudence, including De iurisdictione ecclesiastica et saeculari, De origine iurisdictionis, and a commentary on the Liber sextus.

Petrus de Ancharano (ca. 1333-1416), canon lawyer and jurist, pupil of Baldus de Ubaldis, and author of many commentaries on the canon law.

Philippus Caesar (Philip the Arab) (third century), Roman emperor (244-49); according to some Christian historians, including Eusebius, the first Christian emperor.

Pierre de la Palude (Paludanus) (ca. 1277-1342), patriarch of Jerusalem and Dominican theologian and canonist, whose works include the well-known De causa immediata ecclesiasticae potestatis, in which he defended the plenitudo potestatis of the pope.

Pietro del Monte (ca. 1390-1457), Venetian bishop of Brescia and humanist scholar, author of many ecclesiological works.

Pighius, Albert (Pigghe) (ca. 1490-1542), theologian and mathematician, whose works include a series of treatises in support of papal authority against Marsilius of Padua and a ten-volume treatise titled De libero hominis arbitrio et divina gratia.

Platina (Bartolomeo Sacchi) (1421-81), Italian humanist and historian, author of the well-known Liber de vita Christi et omnium pontificum, under the patronage of Pope Sixtus IV.

Pole, Reginald (1500-1558), cardinal and papal legate in England, a leading Catholic reformer and author of an important work on the role of the pope, De summo pontifice.

Priscillian (fourth century), heretic who gave the name to Priscillianism, a series of heretical doctrines under Gnostic influence.

Protagoras of Abdera (fifth century B.C.), Greek sophist and protagonist in two Platonic dialogues, the Protagoras and the Theaetetus; commonly considered the leading example of the Sophists’ ethical relativism and religious agnosticism.

Raymond le Roux (Rufus) (sixteenth century), expert on canon and civil law and jurist at the parliament in Paris, author of a treatise against Du Moulin (1553).

Raymond of Peñafort (ca. 1175-1275), general of the Dominicans and a great canonist. He was in charge of the commission set up by Pope Gregory IX to complement and correct the main collection of Decretals, the Quinque compilationes antiquae, and he collected and edited the Liber extra of decretals, the resulting work known as Decretales Gregorii IX of 1234 (cf. Boniface VIII). He was also the author of an important manual for confessors titled Summa de poenitentia, sive casuum.

Regino of Prüm (d. ca. 915), Benedictine abbot and author of a universal chronicle.

Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla) (d. ca. 1305), Franciscan theologian and author of an influential commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sen tentiae.

Roger of Hoveden (d. ca. 1201), chronicler and one of the king’s clerks under Henry II. His Annals covered the history of England from 732 to 1201.

Rufinus, Tyrannius (Rufinus of Aquileia) (ca. 345-410), theologian best known as translator into Latin of Origen’s De principiis and Eusebius’s Historia.

Sander, Nicholas (1530-81), English theologian at the University of Louvain, author of De visibili monarchia ecclesiae, a treatise defending papal authority in temporal matters, and of the unfinished De schismate Anglicano, a historical work on the progress of the Reformation in England.

Sebadius (Sabadius or Foebadius) (fourth century), bishop of Agen and author of a treatise against Arianism, Contra Arianos.

Servetus, Michael (1511-53), Spanish physician, theologian, and humanist who elaborated an anti-Trinitarian theology and argued for a form of religious toleration. Hated with equal vigor by Protestants and Catholics alike, Servetus was executed in Geneva by order of Calvin.

Sigebert of Gembloux (ca. 1035-1112), Benedictine monk and historian and author of a Chronicon of the history of the world.

Simancas, Jacobus (Didacus) (1513-83), theologian, canonist, and bishop successively of Ciudad Rodrigo, of Badajoz, and of Zamora, whose works include De Catholicis institutionibus.

Socrates Scholasticus (fifth century), historian of the Christian Church who continued Eusebius’s Historia ecclesiastica until the middle of the fourth century.

Soto, Domingo de (1494-1560), Dominican theologian and one of Vitoria’s most famous students. His most important work is De iustitia et iure, a treatise on jurisprudence and political philosophy.

Sozomen, Salminius Hermias (d. ca. 447), historian of the Church and author of Historia ecclesiastica, which covers the period between the emperor Constantine and the beginning of the reign of Theodosius II.

Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius (ca. 70-after 130), author of biographies of twelve Roman emperors from Augustus to Domitian, De vita caesarum, full of anecdotes and gossip about the private lives of the emperors as well as valuable historical information. His other works are lost.

Suger (ca. 1081-1151), abbot of St. Denis, author of historical works and a memoir of his experiences as abbot, Liber de rebus in administratione sua gestis.

Sulpicius Severus (ca. 360-ca. 420), Christian chronicler and writer whose works include a biography of St. Martin and a Chronicorum libri duo, or Historia sacra, covering the time from the creation of the world until the year 400.

Surius, Laurentius (1522-78), Carthusian monk whose numerous treatises include Commentarius brevis, a chronicle of the history of the world from 1500 to 1564, and a collection of lives of the saints, De probatis sanctorum historiis.

Sylvanus of Tarsus (fourth century), bishop and associate of Eustathius of Sebaste.

Tertullian (ca. 160-ca. 220), Father of the Church and author of vigorous polemical and apologetic treatises, in particular Apologeticus, much quoted by Bellarmine, and De corona, on a Christian soldier who disobeyed his pagan commander, which Bellarmine quoted when dealing with the question of just war.

Themistius (ca. 317-after 385), Greek philosopher and panegyrist.

Theodoretus (ca. 393-ca. 457), bishop of Cyrus and prolific author. Bellarmine refers often to his commentaries on books of the Old Testament and to his Historia ecclesiastica, which starts with the beginning of the Arian heresy.

Theodosius I (ca. 346-95), Roman emperor who issued the Edict of Thessalonica in 380, declaring Christianity the religion of the empire. He vigorously defended the Christian religion against Arians and pagans.

Theodosius II (ca. 401-50), Roman emperor who commissioned the collection of law known as the Codex Theodosianus, which later used and partly incorporated the Justinian code.

Theophanes (mid-eighth century to beginning of ninth century), saint and author of a chronicle covering the period between 284 and 813.

Theophilus of Alexandria (d. 412), patriarch of Alexandria, accused of philo-Origen positions.

Theophylactus (ca. 1050-1109), archbishop of Ohrid, in Bulgaria, and a theologian, author of numerous exegetical works and epistles.

Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1225-74), probably the most influential theologian and philosopher of the Middle Ages. His philosophy was profoundly reworked in early modern Europe by Francisco de Vitoria and the so-called Second Scholastics, or School of Salamanca. Aquinas’s works include Summa theologiae, a Christianized version of Aristotelian philosophy and the backbone for much of early modern Catholic theology; the Quodlibeta, a set of theological and ecclesiological questions and answers in typical Scholastic fashion; and numerous Opuscula, small works on specific doctrinal questions. Many of Bellarmine’s theological works are discussions of aspects of Thomism and of their political and theological implications.

Torquemada, Juan de (1388-1468), Dominican canonist and cardinal whose works include a commentary on Gratian’s Decretum and Summa de ecclesia, which exerted great influence on neo-Thomist theologians.

Toschi (Tuschi), Domenico (1535-1620), cardinal from 1599, scholar of canon law and author of an eight-volume collection of Practicarum conclusionum iuris in omni foro frequentiorum (1605-8).

Trionfo, Agostino (Augustinus Triumphus Anconitanus) (ca. 1243-1328), monk of the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine and author of Summa de potestate ecclesiastica, which defended papal sovereignty on the basis of a political Augustinianism similar to that of Giles of Rome.

Trithemius (Johann Heidenberg) (1462-1516), Benedictine abbot of Sponheim, scholarly polymath whose works range from natural science to biography and devotional treatises.

Tudeschis, Nicholas de (Panormitanus) (1386-1445), Benedictine archbishop of Palermo and one of the most important canonists of his time. He wrote extensive commentaries on the Liber extra and the other collections of decretals.

Ulrich of Strasbourg (mid-thirteenth century), Dominican theologian, pupil of Albert the Great, author of Summa de bono.

Valens (d. 378), Roman emperor who converted to Arianism.

Valentinian I (d. 375), Roman emperor and, according to Augustine, a follower of Christianity.

Valentinian II (d. 392), Roman emperor, son of Valentinian I and brother of Gratian.

Valerius Maximus (first century), Roman historian, author of Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri novem, a collection of anecdotes regarding famous Greek and Roman figures, which was supposed to exemplify the spectrum of human vices and virtues and which was widely used in the schools of rhetoric.

Vázquez de Menchaca, Fernando (1512-69), professor of law at the University of Salamanca, author of De successionum creatione, progressu et resolutione and Controversiarium illustrium usuque frequentium libri tres, both on common and public law.

Vigilius (ca. 353-405), martyr and saint, bishop of Trent who strongly opposed the Arian heresy.

Vignier, Nicholas (ca. 1530-96), French historian whose works include Bibliothèque historiale and a Sommaire of French history.

Vincent of Lérins (Vincentius Lirinensis) (fifth century), saint and author of Commonitorium adversus profanas novitates, a summary of the main tenets of the Christian faith based on the tradition of the Fathers.

Vitoria, Francisco de (ca. 1483-1546), Dominican theologian and founder of the so-called School of Salamanca, or Second Scholastic, an original interpretation of the doctrine of Thomas Aquinas. Vitoria published nothing during his life, but the manuscripts of his lectures have been published after his death in several editions. Vitoria greatly influenced two generations of theologians and jurists, including Francisco Suárez, Domingo de Soto, and Bellarmine, although the Jesuit’s political theory differed from the Dominican’s in many points.

Wild, Johann (1497-1554), also known under his Latinized name “Ferus,” a Franciscan friar and author of an extensive series of commentaries on the Old and New Testaments.

William of Tyre (ca. 1127-90), archbishop of Tyre and author of a number of historical works.

Zeno (d. 491), Eastern Roman emperor from Isauria under whom the Henotikon, or “act of unity,” was issued in an attempt to solve peacefully the monophysite controversy.

Zonaras, Joannes (eleventh-twelfth centuries), Byzantine chronicler and canonist.