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2 How to Plan a Wilderness Canoe Trip
ОглавлениеPRE-TRIP PLANNING
A safe, enjoyable wilderness experience starts at home with careful planning. First, ask yourself and all members of your group if you really want a trip into the wilderness—a place where you will find no running water, prepared shelters, predictable weather, or easy travel. There are no signs to direct the way. You must know how to build a fire, administer first aid, read a map, and use a compass. In an area that is unfamiliar and sometimes downright hostile, you must rely on your own resourcefulness for your comfort and perhaps your survival. You must be your own doctor, guide, and entertainer. You must be prepared for accidents, extended periods of rain, and obstacles such as large waves whipped up by strong winds.
Keep your group size manageable. Few campsites have tent pads for more than two or three tents. Some are barely large enough for one tent. If your group is large, plan to split up and travel separately. Better yet, plan completely different routes. You’ll have more pictures and experiences to share when you get home. A small group has much less impact on the wilderness and on other visitors. You will also have better opportunities to observe wildlife along the way.
Vacationing with a group of people is always challenging because of variations in skills, interests, and physical strengths. Get your group together ahead of time to plan the trip. Talk about what each person envisions for the trip. Decide as a group where and when to go, what equipment to take, and what should be on the menu. By addressing these topics ahead of time, the entire group will get a better idea of what to expect from the trip. There will be fewer surprises later to dampen spirits. Consider the positive aspects of a BWCAW canoe trip—sun-drenched afternoons on sky-blue lakes, gentle breezes, magnificent orange sunsets, fish striking at every cast, and a refreshing swim in a cool lake at day’s end. Then consider the dreaded conditions that plague many canoe trips—hordes of hungry flying insects, fish with no appetite at all, long and muddy portage trails, prolonged periods of cold rain, and gale-force winds that make canoe travel extremely difficult or impossible. Both trip scenarios are possible—indeed likely—within the same trip. Hope for the best, but be psychologically and physically prepared for the worst.
When planning your route, make sure you are not overly ambitious. Consider all members of the group, and plan to travel at the speed of the least experienced or weakest paddler. It’s a good idea to plan a layover day for every three or four days of travel. You’ll have more time to fish or relax. If you encounter rough weather, you won’t have to worry about taking unnecessary chances just to stay on schedule.
Plan to make camp early enough in the day to assure finding an available campsite. Most wilderness visitors are there for solitude, quiet, and respite from the hustle and bustle of day-to-day urban living. Each person wants the sensation of being the first and only person in an area. To accomplish this objective, consider campsites that are off the main travel routes and in back bays. These are used less often and offer a better opportunity for privacy. Firewood is usually more plentiful, and you will have a better chance of avoiding “problem bears” where few others camp.
Respect for other wilderness visitors starts before you ever leave home. The first portage is no place to learn how to get a canoe up on your shoulders. Practice picking up a canoe and other canoeing skills before you start your trip. Know who is responsible for each pack, each canoe, and each piece of miscellaneous equipment before setting foot on a portage trail. Accountability reduces the possibility of leaving something important behind. It also reduces the amount of time needed on each portage, thus alleviating possible congestion on some of the trails.
Equipment, Clothing, and Food
Outdoor equipment continues to evolve and improve. Manufacturers have improved the technical performance of tents, sleeping bags, stoves, lights, canoe packs, and most of the other pieces of gear you will consider bringing with you. A major trend to reduce weight across these product categories has had a definite impact on the load paddlers have to bear while portaging. Imagine reducing the weight of all your gear by 20 percent without leaving anything at home. And don’t worry that lightweight will be less durable. Most reputable manufacturers market gear that will hold up for many seasons of paddling.
Carry and use a small stove and fuel to cook your meals. Stoves heat more cleanly, quickly, and evenly than campfires. Leave the limited amount of dead wood available for a small after-dinner campfire. Axes and hatchets are not necessary. There is plenty of suitable firewood that can easily be broken or cut with a small camp saw.
At least one person in each canoe should carry a duplicate map and compass and know how to use both. Although most maps are printed on water-resistant, tear-proof materials, a waterproof plastic map holder that can be attached to a canoe seat for quick reference is a good investment.
And, by all means, practice packing before you leave home. Remember that everything you pack will have to be carried on portages—by you.
CLOTHES: Clothing needs may vary somewhat from season to season, but always plan for extremes. Layering is the most efficient method to stay warm and dry. Think of your clothes as pieces of equipment rather than camp fashion. Leave the cotton T-shirts at home and replace them with shirts made from synthetic fabrics that wick moisture away from your body and keep you more comfortable in varying temperatures.
GOOD RAINGEAR is essential, and it can also serve as a windbreaker on cool, windy days. Bring two pairs of footwear—boots for portaging and water shoes for paddling, shore side, and around the campsite. A pair of pants with zip-off legs is quite practical in the BWCAW, where temperatures may vary considerably from early morning to mid-afternoon.
FOOD: Since cans and bottles are not permitted in the Boundary Waters, foods will have to be repacked in plastic bags or in other plastic, reusable containers. If possible, pack and label each meal’s ingredients together in a single large plastic bag to make meal preparation easier. Also line your food pack with a large and durable plastic liner to protect the contents from moisture. When sealed tightly at night, this may also help to contain the food’s aroma so it will not attract animals. Consider purchasing the insulated food packs, sealable plastic barrels, or hard-sided plastic cases that are available at outdoor equipment stores. Each type has strengths and weaknesses. Compare models and think through your experiences with portaging and hanging food at the end of the day when making your decision.
If your collection of equipment has seen better days, visit an outdoor specialty retailer near your home. While these stores aren’t as large as big-box sporting goods chains, employees at specialty outdoor stores usually have better product knowledge and can help you select the most appropriate gear for your trip. On the Internet you can find manufacturer’s websites, consumer product review sites, and community forums that can be helpful resources when you are selecting equipment.
Dinner!
Maps
The skillful use of a map and compass is an important part of ensuring that you will have a safe and enjoyable BWCAW experience. Even veteran paddlers can find themselves in unfamiliar terrain when they venture too far away from a frequent check of a detailed map.
Since including detailed maps is out of the scope of this book, we strongly suggest that you acquire the appropriate water-resistant topographic maps published by the W. A. Fisher Company. Thirty-two “F-series” maps combine to cover all of the BWCAW and Canada’s Quetico Provincial Park. The scale is 1.5 inches to 1 mile, and there is sufficient overlap to provide foolproof transitions from map to map. Designated USFS campsites are identified by red dots on the maps, which are updated annually. A disclaimer on each map reads, “This map is not intended for navigational use, and is not represented to be correct in every respect.” Nevertheless, these maps are published specifically for canoeists and are remarkably accurate and detailed.
The discussion of each route outlined in this book indicates which maps are needed. Maps can be ordered from:
W. A. Fisher Company
P.O. Box 1107
Virginia, MN 55792
(218) 741-9544
McKenzie Maps, which are also topographic (scale 2 inches to 1 mile), offer an alternative. They also provide excellent detail and use similar red dots to identify campsite locations. Some routes described in this book require as many as three Fisher maps but only one McKenzie Map (and vice versa). When such is the case, it is pointed out in the introduction to the route. You can order McKenzie Maps from:
McKenzie Maps
8479 Frye Road
Minong, WI 54859
(800) 749-2113
You can purchase both of these map series from outfitters, outdoor specialty stores throughout the Midwest, and from the companies’ websites.
Choosing a Wilderness Route
Any group entering the BWCAW must have in its possession a travel permit, which shows that they have been granted permission to enter through one of the 71 designated entry points. Thirty-six of those entry points are located in the western half of the Boundary Waters. Of those, 27 are canoeing entry points described in this book:
Hikers use nine other entry points (see Appendix iv):
| 3 | Pine Lake Trail | ||
| 10 | Norway Trail | ||
| 11 | Blandin Trail | ||
| 13 | Herriman Lakes Trail | ||
| 15 | Sioux-Hustler Trail | ||
| 21 | Angleworm Trail | ||
| 74 | Snowbank & Kekekabic Trail | ||
| 76 | Big Moose Lake Trail | ||
| 86 | Pow Wow Trail |
Thirty-four entry points are found in the eastern half of the BWCAW, including 28 canoeing entry points that are described in the companion volume, Boundary Waters Canoe Area: Eastern Region. One entry point (71) is for paddlers who enter the Boundary Waters from Canada.
Each entry point description begins with the daily quota (the maximum number of overnight travel permits that can be issued each day to groups using the entry point) and the name and contact information of the closest Forest Service ranger station.
Morning at Knife Lake
Further discussion includes the entry point’s location, how to get there, public campgrounds nearby, amount of motorized use (if any) through the entry point, and other comments of interest to canoeists.
Following the discussion of an entry point are suggestions for two routes from that entry point. The first is a short route that can be completed by most groups in two to four days. The second is a longer route that takes four to eight days. It is important to understand that this book is merely an accumulation of suggestions. It does not describe all possible routes through the BWCAW. Quite the contrary, the routes that you could take are virtually infinite in number. You may wish to follow only a part of one route, or you may wish to combine two or more routes. Do not feel bound to the routes exactly as they are described in this book. You may follow them precisely as written, but you may also use the suggestions simply as a basis for planning your own route.
The introductory remarks about each route tell you: 1) the minimum number of days to allow; 2) the length of the route; 3) the number of different lakes, rivers, and creeks encountered, as well as the number of portages en route; 4) the difficulty (easier, challenging, most rugged), 5) the maps needed for the route, and 6) general comments, including to whom the route should appeal. Then each route is broken down into suggested days, giving the sequence of lakes, streams, and portages, followed by points of special interest.
EXAMPLE: Day 2 (13 miles): Little Trout Lake, p. 376 rods, Little Indian Sioux River, p. 32 rods, river, p. 32 rods, river, p. 12 rods, river, rapids, river, rapids, river, p. 70 rods, river, p. 40 rods, river, p. 34 rods, river, p. 35 rods, river, p. 120 rods, Otter Lake. You will find this day to be a sharp contrast to the prior day of paddling on large lakes… etc.
EXPLANATION: On the second day of this route, you will paddle across Little Trout Lake and then portage 376 rods to the Little Indian Sioux River. You will follow the river to Otter Lake, negotiating eight portages and some rapids along the way. You will make camp on Otter Lake at a campsite that is marked by a red dot on the map. Comments about the day’s route follow the outlined sequence of lakes, rivers, and portages.
Most of the routes suggested are “loops”—they begin and end at (or within walking distance of) the same location. There is no need for car shuttles between two points. Other routes start at one entry point and end at another entry point far enough away to necessitate a shuttle. The name of each route indicates whether the trip is a “loop” (The Eddie Falls Loop) or requires a “shuttle” (The Three Rivers Route). If a shuttle is required, drop off your vehicle at the end of the route prior to starting the journey. That generally works better than scheduling a predetermined pick-up time at the end of your trip. If your parked vehicle is waiting for you, you won’t be under any pressure to arrive at a particular time. Make sure to park in approved areas, lock your doors, and remember which hidden pack pocket holds your keys.
Of course, any route may be made more difficult by completing it in fewer days than recommended, or made easier by adding days. If fishing is a priority for your trip, you should consider adding at least one day for every three days suggested in this guide. For longer trips, you may also want to add layover days to your schedule. The longer you are trekking, the more likely you are to encounter strong wind, foul weather, sickness, or injury that could slow your progress. (Always carry an extra supply of food for just that reason.) Furthermore, after three or four days of rugged trekking, you may simply want to rest for a day before continuing.
The difficulty ratings for the routes in this book are subjective. Difficulty is relative. A route that is “most rugged” to one party may be merely “challenging” to another group. An “easier” route to most paddlers may be “most rugged” to an inexperienced group of paddlers who really had no idea what they were getting into when they entered the BWCAW. Two major factors contribute to the difficulty ratings in this book: 1) the average distance paddled per day, and 2) the length, frequency, and difficulty of the portages. An “average” day in the BWCAW includes about 8 to 10 miles of paddling, interrupted by five or six portages, measuring 50 to 100 rods in length. This should challenge most visitors. Anything less is usually rated “easier.” Trips with a great deal more paddling and/or longer or more frequent portages are rated “most rugged.” The ratings are based on original author Robert Beymer’s 30 years of Boundary Waters travel and his experience with all age groups and experience levels.
Even more subjective is Beymer’s opinion of what constitutes an interesting route and beautiful scenery. You may or may not agree, but still, this is good background information that you may find useful in selecting your route. Beymer clearly prefers tiny creeks, narrow rivers, and smaller lakes, where wind is less likely to be a problem and wildlife is often more visible. Such a route offers a much more intimate natural experience. Beymer also writes about points of interest, such as rock formations and hills that border the lakes. Almost every lake, swamp, and bog in the Boundary Waters is beautiful in its own way. But to Beymer there is nothing more striking than a small or narrow lake surrounded by tall hills or ridges covered by a generous blend of pine, birch, and aspen trees, and trimmed with steep rock ledges or cliffs. Equally pleasing, however, is a tiny, meandering stream littered with lily pads and bordered by a tamarack bog. Why do these opinions matter to you? Because, if a route is described as having lovely scenery, you’ll know what is meant by “lovely.” Over time, you can create your own “best of” list of BWCA entry points and routes.
If fishing is your thing, you’ll appreciate the general comments about the fishing potential for each suggested route. The serious angler will find more information about each lake in Appendix III. All of the 185 BWCAW lakes in this book are listed alphabetically. Data about each lake, obtained from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, include overall size, littoral size (acreage of the lake that is less than 15 feet deep), maximum depth, and the game-fish species that are known to inhabit the lake.
A Note About Portages
Any trip to the BWCAW will require portaging your canoe and packs. Some are so short that the water on your hull may still be dripping when you put the canoe back into the water. Others can be longer than a mile. While many portages are dry and easily traversed, others can be shoe-sucking slogs through bogs and swamps.
Portages require physical strength, balance, and stamina. Using improper technique when lifting a canoe into position when you are tired and spent after a long day of paddling can lead to injuries. Investing in a well-fitting and comfortable portage pad can allow you to keep your mind on the trail and not your sore shoulders.
One rod equals 16.5 feet. Since that is roughly the length of most canoes, it is the unit of linear measurement in canoe country. Both the Fisher maps and the McKenzie maps use this unit of measurement. Although the maps are topographic, the indicated number of rods tells little about the difficulty of the portages. Long trails may be quite easy, and short ones may be extremely rough. This guide will warn you about the rough ones. You may notice that the length of a portage on the maps sometimes differs from the length in this book. While traveling throughout the BWCAW, Beymer often took his own measurements. On the shorter portages, he counted and converted the steps required. Sometimes they are simply estimates based on his 30 years of experience walking across portages. The distances found in this book may vary slightly from those found on maps and other resources, but author Beymer’s distances reflect personal experience.
National Forest Campgrounds
In the introduction to each entry point in this guidebook, the closest United States Forest Service campground is included, since you may want to camp near your starting point the night before you depart on a trip. You may reserve campsites up to six months in advance (12 months for group facilities) at 17 campgrounds in the Superior National Forest by calling the National Recreation Reservation Service (NRRS) at (877) 444-6777. Or use www.recreation.gov to make reservations.
A $10.00 fee is charged for call center reservations. Reservations made through the www.recreation.gov website require a $9.00 fee.
When to Visit the Boundary Waters
What’s the best time of year to schedule a BWCAW canoe trip? That depends on your priorities. (See Climate in Chapter 1.) If seeing wildlife ranks high on your list, where you travel may be more important than when. The same applies to those who seek quiet seclusion. But you can increase your chances of both viewing wildlife and not viewing other people by your choice of an entry date, as well as by your choice of an entry point.
Over the past 30 years, there has been a substantial increase in the number of visitors to the BWCAW. More than 250,000 people visited in 2007. You can increase your chance of avoiding other people and obtaining a BWCAW permit by considering the following: the busiest days for entry are Saturday, Sunday, and Monday. If possible, start your trip on one of the other four days of the week. Memorial Day weekend, Independence Day weekend, Labor Day weekend, and the month of August are the busiest times.
TRAVEL PERMITS, FEES, AND RESERVATIONS
Obtaining Permits
Permits are required year-round for all day and overnight visitors to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Every visitor in the Boundary Waters is required to have a BWCAW travel permit in possession. The permit allows you to enter the wilderness only on the starting date and through the entry point specified on the permit. Once in the wilderness, you are free to travel where you desire, as long as applicable motor-use restrictions are followed.
There are currently two categories of permits; quota and non-quota self-issuing.
QUOTA PERMITS: Entry quotas were established for overnight campers in order to reduce competition for the limited number of established campsites and to avoid unauthorized camping on undeveloped sites. The daily limit at each entry point (from as low as 1 to as many as 27) is based on the number of campsites available to visitors using the routes served by the entry point. The quotas pertain only to overnight campers during the five-month May through September canoeing season.
Permits may only be picked up the day before, or the day of entry. Permits are not transferable. Since there are a limited number of quota permits available for each entry, reservations are highly recommended. Quota permits can only be issued by Forest Service issuing stations or by designated issuing stations.
NON-QUOTA SELF-ISSUING PERMITS: Non-quota or self-issued permits are required year-round for all overnight visitors entering the BWCAW between October 1 and April 30. The self-issuing permit forms are available by mail, at any Superior National Forest office, and at the main BWCAW entry points. Although formal reservations are not required, visitors need to follow the self-issuing permit instructions, complete the form and carry the permit throughout the duration of their trip.
Overnight User Fee
A fee is charged for camping in the Boundary Waters. Adults are charged $16 per person per trip. Youths under 18 and Golden Age or Golden Access Passport holders are charged $8 per person per trip. For visitors who plan to use the BWCAW more than four times during the same summer, seasonal fee cards may be obtained at a cost of $64 per adult or $32 for youth and Golden Age or Golden Access Passport holders. The Seasonal Fee Card may be purchased by mail or by phone from the BWCAW Reservation Center (see Reservations), or in person after May 1 from any Forest Service Permit Issuing Station. Seasonal Fee Card applications can be obtained at Superior National Forest Offices or from the BWCAW Reservation Center.
The majority of the funds raised by the camping fees stay in the Boundary Waters. The funds allow the Forest Service to hire more employees to work in the wilderness, maintaining and rehabilitating campsites and portage trails, educating visitors about Leave No Trace camping techniques, assisting people in trouble, and expanding the hours of operation at the permit-issuing stations.
Reservations
All overnight travel permits are available by advance reservation. You will be charged a nonrefundable processing fee of $12 per reservation plus all applicable use fees. You don’t have to make a reservation before arriving at the BWCAW, but it is advisable, since quotas at many entry points do fill up early. A reservation assures you of a permit to enter the wilderness on a specific day at a certain entry point.
Reservations can be made on the phone, by fax, by mail, or online. Contact information follows.
On the Web: www.recreation.gov
By Phone: 877-550-6777 By Fax: 518-884-9951
International Reservations: 518-885-3639
Customer Service Line: 877-553-6777
By Mail:
BWCAW Reservation Center
PO Box 462
Ballston Spa, NY 12020
Reservation applications ask for the following information:
Method of travel (paddle, hike or motorboat)
Party size (maximum of nine people)
Number of watercraft (maximum of four boats)
Name, address and phone number of the group leader
Names of up to three alternate group leaders who might use the permit in the group leader’s absence
The desired entry point name and number
The desired entry date
The estimated exit date
The planned exit point
Whether or not the group is guided and, if so, the guide’s name
Location where the permit will be picked up
Payment by Visa, Mastercard, Discover, or American Express credit card. Cash and check payments for lottery applications and advanced reservations are not accepted
It is also a good idea to include an alternate entry date and an alternate entry point, in case your first choices are not available.
The reservation fee and the full amount of the camping fee for your party must be paid when you reserve your permit. Currently the total amount due when your reservation is made is $44 ($12 for the reservation and $32 for the camping fee). If your total fee is calculated to be less than $20 (i.e. for a single person or for a party with seasonal camping permits), you must still pay $32 plus the $12 processing fee when you make your reservation. The overpayment will be refunded after completion of your trip.
The Permit Reservation Lottery
The process of securing a BWCAW permit starts each year when lottery applications for permit reservations may be submitted to www.recreation.gov by website, mail, or fax beginning on December 1 each year. Applications submitted by mail or fax will be accepted through 5:00 p.m. Central Standard Time on January 10. Applications received through the website will be accepted through 5:00 p.m. CST on January 15. All applications received during this period will be processed by lottery regardless of the order or method received.
On January 20, following the lottery, first come, first-served reservation processing will begin via interactive website, mail, or fax. If January 20 falls on a Sunday or holiday, mailed or faxed reservation applications will be processed the next business day. Phone reservations will be accepted beginning February 1.
After making your reservation, the trip leader will receive a letter confirming that a BWCAW travel permit is reserved. Reservations made within the last seven days before the trip will be processed, but no confirmation letter will be sent.
Picking Up Your Permit
An overnight travel permit must be picked up in person within 24 hours of the trip starting date at a designated USFS District Office or at an outfitter or business that is an official permit issuing station (cooperator). This face-to-face contact affords personnel at the issuing station an opportunity to inform visitors about BWCAW regulations, wilderness ethics, and minimum-impact camping techniques. Only the party leader or an alternate leader whose name appears on the application may pick up the permit. Identification is required and periodic checks may take place in the wilderness. All cards (Golden Age, Golden Access, or Seasonal Fee) must be presented when the permit is picked up to receive a discount, otherwise, the full camping fee will be charged. Cooperators may charge an extra $2 fee for issuing each overnight permit. Office hours vary, so be sure to check with your permit pick-up location for its office hours.
Any change to your permit, except group size, requires a new $12 reservation fee. Group size changes are made when the permit is picked up. If there are more than two people in your party, the cost difference will be collected at the time of permit pick up. Cash, checks, and credit cards are accepted at all USFS District Offices. At non-Forest Service cooperators (outfitters or resorts), payment is by credit card only. If the party size decreases, a refund will be made by the BWCAW Reservation Center after the trip.
Canoe at Iron Lake
Canceling a Permit Reservation
The full camping fee will be refunded if your reservation is canceled two or more days prior to the entry date. If the reservation is not canceled in advance, or if you do not use the permit, you will forfeit the $32 deposit and the $12 reservation-processing fee.
BWCAW Information Resources
The BWCAW Reservation Center personnel are available only for making reservations and selling camping passes.
For information about the BWCAW, contact the Superior National Forest headquarters or one of the BWCAW-area ranger district offices listed below. They can answer your questions but cannot process reservations. The Superior National Forest offers a comprehensive website filled with useful information and resources: www.superiornationalforest.org/bwcaw.
Normal business hours at ranger district offices are 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. weekdays before May 1 and after September 30. During the summer permit-issuing season, the district offices are generally open from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. The hours do change from year to year, however, and they may vary from office to office. The Superior National Forest office in Duluth is open 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on weekdays.
Superior National Forest
Attn: Forest Supervisor
8901 Grand Ave Place
Duluth, MN 55808-1102
(218) 626-4300
Gunflint Ranger Station
2020 W. Highway 61
Grand Marais, MN 55604
(218) 387-1750
Isabella Work Station
2759 Highway 1
Isabella, MN 55607
(218) 323-7722
Kawishiwi Ranger Station
1393 Hwy 169
Ely, MN 55731
(218) 365-7561
La Croix Ranger Station
320 N. Hwy 53
Cook, MN 55723
(218) 666-0020
Laurentian Ranger Station
318 Forestry Road
Aurora, MN 55705
(218) 229-8800
Tofte Ranger Station
Box 2159
Tofte, MN 55615
(218) 663-8060
If you have not reserved a permit in advance, you may pick it up at any district ranger office or cooperating business. It is advisable, however, to visit one that is closest to your entry point. The personnel there are likely to be more familiar with your proposed route. They can alert you to high water or low-water conditions, bear problem areas, suitable campsites, road conditions, and other particulars.
A Final Word
Believe it or not, these age-old routes do change from year to year. In fact, they may change several times each year. A deep navigable channel between lakes in early June may be shallow, rock-strewn rapids that require a portage in August. A creek-side portage indicated as 35 rods on the map may turn out to be 135 rods when the creek dries up during a drought. Sometimes portages that were dry in June are flooded in August after beavers dam a stream adjacent to the trail. When a portage becomes too eroded from over-use, the Forest Service sometimes constructs a new trail, which is usually longer than the original. Likewise, when funds are available for trail maintenance, trails through wet and muddy bogs may be elevated on boardwalks or bypasses may be routed to higher and dryer ground. Rare events, such as the 1999 windstorm, or recent forest fires, such as those that ravaged Turtle Lake, Cavity Lake, and Ham Lake, may significantly change the landscape through which you will pass.
Be aware that occasionally the author’s memory and notes fail him and a mistake is made. Sometimes a typographical error occurs during publication that is overlooked during the proofing process. If you find inaccuracies in this book, or if you have any comments or suggestions to improve subsequent editions, please write to the author at info@wildernesspress.com. Thank you!
IMPORTANT: The descriptions in this guidebook are necessarily cast in general terms. Neither the descriptions nor the maps can be assumed to be exact or to guarantee your arrival at any given point. You must undertake only those trips and trip segments that you know are within your competence. Given these cautions, you can have a wonderful time in the BWCA Wilderness.
Sunrise on Wagosh Lake
