Читать книгу Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis - Robert E. Blankenship - Страница 18

The transformation from the pure energy of excited states to chemical changes in molecules takes place in the photosynthetic reaction center. The reaction center is a multisubunit protein complex that is embedded in the photosynthetic membrane. It is a pigment–protein complex, incorporating chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments as well as other cofactors such as quinones or iron sulfur centers, which are involved in electron transfer processes. The cofactors are bound to extremely hydrophobic polypeptides that thread back and forth across the nonpolar portion of the membrane multiple times.

The reaction center contains a special dimer of pigments that in most or all cases is the primary electron donor for the electron transfer cascade. These pigments are chemically identical (or nearly so) to the chlorophylls that are antenna pigments, but their environment in the reaction center protein gives them unique properties. The final step in the antenna system is the transfer of energy into this dimer, creating an excited dimer that has been electronically excited to a higher energy level.

The basic process that takes place in all reaction centers is described schematically in Fig. 1.4a. A chlorophyll‐like pigment (P) is promoted to an excited electronic state, either by direct photon absorption or, more commonly, by energy transfer from the antenna system. The excited state of the pigment is chemically an extremely strong reducing species. It rapidly loses an electron to a nearby electron acceptor molecule (A), generating an ion‐pair state P⁺A⁻. This is the “primary reaction” of photosynthesis. The energy has been transformed from electronic excitation to chemical redox energy. The system is now in a very vulnerable position with respect to losing the stored energy. If the electron is simply transferred back to P⁺ from A⁻, a process called recombination, then the net result is that the energy is converted into heat and rapidly dissipated and is therefore unable to do any work. This pathway is possible because the highly oxidizing P⁺ species is physically positioned directly next to the highly reducing A⁻ species.

Figure 1.4 (a) General electron transfer scheme in photosynthetic reaction centers. Light excitation promotes a pigment (P) to an excited state (P*), where it loses an electron to an acceptor molecule (A) to form an ion‐pair state P⁺A⁻. Secondary reactions separate the charges, by transfer of an electron from an electron donor (D) and from the initial acceptor A to a secondary acceptor (A′). This spatial separation prevents the recombination reaction. (b) Schematic diagram of cyclic electron transfer pathway found in many anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. The terms fast, slow, and very fast are relative to each other. The vertical arrow signifies photon absorption: P represents the primary electron donor: D, A, and C represent secondary electron donors, acceptors, and carriers.

The system avoids the fate of recombination losses by having a series of extremely rapid secondary reactions that successfully compete with recombination. These reactions, which are most efficient on the acceptor side of the ion‐pair, spatially separate the positive and negative charges. This physical separation reduces the recombination rate by orders of magnitude.

The final result is that within a very short time (less than a nanosecond) the oxidized and reduced species are separated by nearly the thickness of the biological membrane (~30 Å; 1 Å = 0.1 nm). Slower processes can then take over and further stabilize the energy storage and convert it into more easily utilized forms. The system is so finely tuned that in optimum conditions the photochemical quantum yield of products formed per photon absorbed is nearly 1.0 (see Appendix). Of course, some energy is sacrificed from each photon in order to accomplish this feat, but the result is no less impressive.