Читать книгу Survival: The Ultimate Mission - Robert M.D. Skaf - Страница 4

(We can only begin to understand what it is to be a human by understanding what it is to be a universe. Like it or not, each one of us is destined to be a universe. This seems to be far-fetched until one realizes that to exist, neither the physical nor the invisible universe can allow for any vacuum or stagnation. This is why they keep creating new and parallel universes each and every way they can. We happen to be one of this infinite number of parallel universes already created yet is able on its own to create more parallel and dazzling universes. We will be learning more about our past from what we discover in the future. The visible and invisible universes are governed by the law of continuous creation and continuous transformation which is a never ending journey.)

We have known for some time that the atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Scientists believe that electrons are indivisible, whereas protons and neutrons can be divided into quarks and other subatomic particles. This hypothesis seems clear and simple until one wonders whether there are other particles or non-particles that make the rest of the universe. At the present time, the known particles can only account for about 4% of the total mass of the universe (actually, only 1% according to some scientists), but what about the other 96% or so called dark matter? It seems to me that there is a whole world out there that we are yet to discover. For the time being, it appears that this huge percentage of our universe seems to be exclusively made up of an enigmatic matter that is going to remain a mystery for centuries to come if not forever. As a lay person I am tempted to suggest that this huge mass or this infinite universe is made of one single infinite atom which is completely different than anything we know or have encountered thus far. It is a cross between cold energy, sound, sub-particle and particle. This singularity theory is something that has not been discussed, for we are only acquainted with masses made of molecules, particles, sub-particles, atoms and sub-atoms. Cold energy or anti-energy is something that no one has talked about before, either. Yet, as a lowly observer, I cannot help but see cold energy or anti-energy as the only factor that is preventing this huge mass or single atom from imploding onto itself. I am only basing my theory on what scientists have told us. According to them, friction, fusion and fission generate an enormous amount of heat. They have proven it to us on so many occasions to the point where most of us have become aware of this law. Yet, despite having at least 96% of the universe loaded with wimps that are continuously rubbing against each other, and perhaps splitting and fusing, heat is only detected close to stars. It is obvious that the laws of thermodynamics do not apply to the dark matter. Something must be generating an enormous amount of cold energy, cold enough and enormous enough to cool down the visible universe in addition to this huge massive invisible universe that stretches tens if not hundreds of billions of light years and everything in it, except for stars, to temperatures close to absolute zero. It seems that unlike any friction among elements, the one that takes place among scattered particles results in creating such extreme cold energy to the point where the so called wimps are prevented from clumping together. I suppose there are exceptions to every rule. Here on earth, freezing water expands in contrast to every other element. Having free particles generating cold energy through friction in space can be something similar. This is happening despite the fact that the physical universe is generating an enormous amount of heat, not only from all the stars, but even planets. Indeed, without this cold energy, all celestial bodies would be hot regardless of their location. For instance, according to the theory of quantum mechanics, atoms are always on the move and therefore they should be hot as the result of all the friction that is taking place, yet without the energy of a star, they turn extremely cold. If this cold temperature is caused by the interaction of free particles, could it be the result of a mechanism within the universe itself, something like a mysterious force of anti-fusion or anti-splitting? As with other forces like gravity and electro-magnetic, could this force be spawned by the invisible universe itself or is it generated by a parallel universe we are yet to discover? Also what about electricity? Is this dark matter or dark energy able of generating electricity? Also what about gravity and static electricity, how if they were to always exist? One may be tempted to conclude that since static electricity and gravity never cease to exist, the universe would never reach the state of 0 entropy which means it will never come to an end. Suffice to say that this source of anti-energy ought to be at least tens of thousands of time the energy of the entire visible universe if not more. One needs only consider the energy required to run a large freezer to realize how enormous the quantities we are talking about ought to be. This may seem like a paradox until we are willing to consider the possibility of an interaction that could generate cold energy as opposed to heat. Here on earth, certain gases turn extremely cold by compression. This is the process used to cool freezers, air conditions and refrigerators. This dark matter could be something similar. Lately, it has been discovered that in some instances, neutron stars are cooled off million degrees Celsius down by liquefied neutrinos. This is quite astonishing for many reasons. Firstly, the dying star is increasing in mass as it acquires more material; a development which would certainly have a great impact on the final outcome. Secondly, are we to understand that neutrinos do not fuse even at extreme heat? Thirdly, is it safe to conclude that a huge part of the dark universe must be made of particles similar to neutrinos? Compressed, they are cooling everything down. Possibly, an infinite universe could be acting as a huge compressor. A new frontier has been opened, and many more discoveries will be made as a result. On the other side of the equation, some scientists believe that at least half of our universe should be made of antimatter. In theory antimatter should exist for the same reason that every action results in a reaction or a negative charge ought to be balanced by a positive charge. In fact, physicists were able to prove that antimatter does exist; however, they still have no clue about what is the rest of the universe is made of. One would be curious to wonder whether this cold mass is the product resulting from the interaction of matter and anti-matter, or is it something in between. It is apparent that the mass in the infinite space does not behave in the same manner as it does on earth or the visible universe. For instance pockets of the universe could be made of protons or neutrons or quarks or strings or membranes or wimps. One single proton or neutron may be as big as earth itself. In fact, many scientists believe in the singularity of black holes. In that, the force of gravity turns the remnant of the entire collapsing star into a single proton or neutron. Just because we are only familiar with a world that is mostly composed of atoms and molecules does not necessarily mean that the rest of the universe or other universes ought to be the same. Furthermore, who is to say that there are no other particles beside protons and neutrons? In theory, an atom can be endlessly divided. Conversely, the universe or universes can be the host of an infinite numbers of particles or sub particles of which no two may look the same. Interestingly as well, in this context, it would be impossible to determine what they are or how their shape may be; the simple reason being the lack of any instruments which may allow us to do so. Based on this observation, one would be justified to conclude that our chances of pinpointing the primary matter are nil. Furthermore, the fact that this enigmatic matter does exist everywhere in our universe must prove to us that our universe is not surrounded by a vacuum void, but to the contrary, we happen to be part of an infinite universe. Think of it this way: this so called dark matter is so greatly in-cohesive to the point where it can be described as beyond being shattered; yet somehow, it manages to stay around our universe and beyond our universe as a huge mass of fog would or more appropriately as an enormous invisible ooze of unknown matter. Of all matters, it is this invisible entity that has no gravitational force or any force at all, that would be destined to completely disappear in a vacuum void where there are no forces of any sorts to stop its complete dissipation, however, not only does it stay with us, it does make up close to 96% of our universe. Given the fact that this enormous mass of dark matter is scattered among an endless number of universes, one can easily come to the conclusion that our universe is part of an endless universe where matters such as the dark matter are the norm, where all universes are connected by some sort of wimps which mass could be billions if not trillions of times greater than our universe. It is very difficult for anyone of us to grasp anything that is infinite, be it infinitely tiny or infinitely large. Simply put: we are incapable of relating to anything infinite - at least for the time being, be it infinitely tiny or enormous. Our mind can only visualize objects with borders and dimensions. This is why in the infinite universe entropy becomes irrelevant. (Comparing the entropy of the infinite universe to that of a water fall is not accurate. This entropy should be compared to that of the waves generated by an endless ocean. Each wave may experience maximum and minimum entropy; however, the overall entropy is infinite). In that respect, we don’t only have trouble understanding the infinite universe, it is also doubtful that we will ever capture one single primary matter - let alone describe it. By comparison, the universe must be infinite to exist. Not only is there an infinite universe, but this infinite universe is composed of infinitely tiny sub-particles, so tiny they have been called the dark matter. Furthermore, by being infinitely so tiny, one could conclude that regardless of how finite the matter can get, it would never reach the point of finite annihilation. Even Einstein had trouble dealing with infinity. According to him the universe is finite. This may be correct when one is referring to the universe we know, however, this is not the case when one refers to the entire universe. Actually, the fact that Einstein was able to demonstrate that our universe is finite should provide the proof that the greater universe that surrounds it does exist and must be boundless - at least according to our analysis. Recently, astrophysicists discovered that our universe shows signs of cosmic bruising and cosmic bubbles which can only be connected to forces beyond our universe. This is happening now, in the future, another advanced civilization may be able to understand infinity better, until then, we are better of focusing on surviving beyond our planet. Space is not as simple as it appears to be, it is elastic, murky and enormously complex. Pockets of it could be exclusively made of proteins living of other proteins. On earth we are aware of bacteria that feed on poisonous metals such as arsenic, who is to say that an entire pocket of the universe is not made of bacteria or other microorganisms. All these questions lead us to wonder how our universe was shaped before the formation of stars and galaxies. Scientists may have a few theories on how atoms were formed, yet they still have no clue where the dark matter came from or whether it could be considered the primary matter which happened to occupy the remaining 96% of space. Although scientists have failed to tackle this possibility, they all happen to share the fundamental principle which stipulates that nothing can be created from the void. Anyone who believes in science ought to support this theory. Based on this scientific law, one is able to deduce that in essence the universe we live in and possibly others have been around forever. The shape, the fabrics and the structure of a universe may change, but its mass always stays constant. The same can be said about the dark matter, any matter or antimatter. Stars may run out of fuel and die off; constellation may be gobbled up by galaxies; the whole known universe may one day collapse into a giant ball of fire similar in shape to the universe described in the so called big bang theory; however, the total mass of the element itself whether made of matter, antimatter or anything else will always be there. Regardless of what shape the universe may appear or reappear in---never mind how often atoms may transmute---it makes no difference how many times they may fuse or split --- even if the infinite universe happens to contain an infinite numbers of sub-particles--- nothing is ever destroyed. This may be difficult to fathom, but once a single tiny atom can be completely wiped out of existence, the logical conclusion would be that the whole universe can be annihilated by the same force that is capable of completely wiping out a single atom. What is meant by that is to render something into an absolute nothingness and void. Supporters of the theory of quantum mechanics will be pleased to realize that the universe or universes could only exist as clusters of tiny waves. After all, though it may be difficult to prove, only by being structured as a wave could the matter avoid total collapse. Only as a wave could atoms fuse and split in such huge numbers. Stars, planets and any celestial object are huge waves, for only as waves could they avoid a total collapse. In fact, our universe could not exist unless it happens to be formed by a huge collection of clusters of waves. One may wonder how metal, soil and even liquid could be considered a cluster of waves. The answer is simple: the theory of quantum mechanics provides that all elements are formed from waves, as these waves transmute their density changes but in essence they remain waves. They all float like waves in zero gravity. Fine dust is a good example of what we are talking about. Regardless of the theory, when it comes to the final product, we will be looking at waves. Strings, membranes or whatever the primary element happened to be, it must be infinitely fine, and it cannot allow for any total fusion. In that sense, the entire physical world will always be made of waves.

This interaction - among dark matters, particles, mass-less particles, subatomic particles and non-particles which has been going on ever since any creation has existed and ought to go on forever - seems to be triggered by a mysterious compelling force which main purpose is to keep everything in motion. Amazingly enough, it appears as if this is the only way for the mass to stay in existence. Think for a moment that you were a tiny particle. Now, unless you go through some changes here and then, how could one tell that you are different from a void. More importantly, how can you see yourself as a matter and not as nothingness? In other words, stillness and existence do not mix. The fact that our universe is not shaped as a single sphere is a proof that particle and non-particle matter may interact but never solidify. One may also use this observation to explain why there is no void. Let me elaborate: for the void to exist a large number of particles and non-particles must either be destroyed or be solidified in one ball. But we have already demonstrated that neither situation exists.

The time it takes to go through a change is irrelevant to how important it is to change and reinvent you as an element. In our universe there is no such thing as constant, stable, stagnant or invariable. Everything that happens to occupy any space in it must continually change. A fusion may give birth to new particles or new stars but the mass of the universe is always the same. Nothing can be added; nothing can be taken away. Not a single tiny particle, quark, membrane, string, wimp, electron, photon…or anything else. (In my opinion, scientists will never be able to find the primary matter. As stated earlier, in theory, one can go on splitting things forever. How can we get there if we do not even have the technology to split the atom beyond the elementary process? An Atom- Collider may provide some clues; however, one would be safe to bet that different and new endless sub-particles are going to be randomly formed with every collision). Now, going back to our subject, the only way a particle or an atom can be written off is if it is lost into a different zone that might be called the empty zone or the void. However, as long as our universe exists, this imaginable zone cannot be there. This theory is based on this simple fact. If the void zone happens to be there for real, it would be infinitely bigger than our universe. Theoretically, this zone should be of an infinite size. Despite the fact that every tiny particle in our universe is connected in one way or another to all others and despite the fact that our universe measures billions of light years in diameter, the presence of a void zone would render it null and void, simply because only in such a limitless zone would our universe come apart and possibly face total fragmentation. Only in this environment would the element disappear - regardless of what is composed of. Although it may not be destroyed, completely isolated, it becomes constant and therefore dead. Without interacting with other particles, the matter cannot transform itself. Without the presence of other active elements, an isolated atom in a huge void becomes nothing.

This observation leads us to wonder what is beyond our universe. The only thing we are sure of is whatever is there is not a void. Again, as long as a cohesive universe such as ours remains in existence, one can easily argue that the space enveloping this universe cannot be a void. Could there be another universe and if this is the case could our universe be a part of an infinite universe so huge that present technology is not able to detect? The other question is why are we assuming that a faraway universe must look like ours? Truth is we know very little about the mass that forms our own universe let alone trying to understand the ones that lie beyond. Despite this fact, many scientists have been trying to theorize that our universe is destined for annihilation. They reason that as stars and galaxies burn themselves into oblivion, our universe would follow. In my opinion, this is not going to happen. Not when there has been evidence of new galaxies continually forming in a manner much similar to the way they disappear. This observation leads us to question what the science community expects us to take for granted with regard to the big bag. I for one disagree with this theory. Yes there may have been a big bang that resulted in the formation of several galaxies but we should not assume that this big bang was responsible for the creation of the entire universe. Let’s not forget that whoever came up with this theory, did not realize how huge our universe was. Modern astronomers believe that our universe is made up of over one hundred billion galaxies, whereas at the time the big bang theory was introduced, astronomers of the day knew only of the existence of few galaxies. Still, advocates of the big bang theory rely heavily on the expansion theory. They reason that our universe is still expanding as a result of this huge cosmic explosion that occurred some 15 billion years ago (close to sixty billion if you go by a new theory than adds the four directions where we can observe dying stars) and resulted in the creation of our universe. Firstly, the big bang theory assumes that the physical universe was at a standstill until there was a huge explosion. As we have seen and as we shall see, nothing in any universe disappear or become stagnant. The physical, the visible universe must stay in a perpetual state of transformation - and so is every other universe be it visible or invisible. Secondly, the use of the word expanding is misleading, for no one has ever proven an increase in the mass of the universe, the number of galaxies may fluctuate, new galaxies may be forming while at the same time others could be dying off, but the universal mass stays constant. Hubble could only observe galaxies speeding away at the edge of the universe. In any case, for anyone who believes in the existence of other universes, this expansion would become irrelevant. Our universe may appear to be expanding where in fact it is orbiting another universe. And this would have nothing to do with the big bang. As a matter of fact, this type of motion could be the proof that other universes do exist. The truth of the matter is when one is observing a galaxy that is billions of light years away, one can only speculate on all related aspects, including age and motion. It is a different story when it comes to the infinite universe; basically we have no idea how it looks like, let alone predict how it began and how it is going to end. The safest bet is to admit that the infinite universe had no beginning nor will it have an end, in another word, it has always existed. All we know is that this infinite universe including everything it is made from is always on the move and always evolving and transforming itself. And since it is infinite, it has an infinite number of ways by which it can continue to evolve, transform and recreate itself. On top of that, it is home to an infinite number of infinitely tiny particles and non-particles. This is why it is way too complicated for any human to understand how this infinitely huge structure that is made of an infinitely tiny visible and invisible matter came to be, function or evolve. Here is the bottom line: as humans we can only deal with what is finite; perhaps in the future another much advanced civilization may reach the level of sophistication to understand what is infinite; however, until then, we have no choice but to live with our limitation. Those who strongly believe in the big bang theory can only speculate on how the universe looked like before this event took place. In my view there ought to have had been something out there. The universe could not have been born out of nothing. As things currently stand, all we know is that most of our universe is made up of dark matter and dark energy. No one knows what this dark matter or dark energy is made of - much less determine how old it is. Also as we shall see later, the whole process of determining the age of the universe is flawed.

Another reason to believe in the existence of other universes could be connected to the way galaxies look like huge flat discs swirling around each other. Quantum mechanics and the law of gravity may explain to us why atoms and other matters do not clump together into a single huge cohesive mega ball, but there has not been any speculation made about why all galaxies have to be shaped like a flat huge disk as opposed to being round as in a sphere. (As far as gravity goes, in simple terms, large objects stay away from each other by the same force that pulls them together. With respect to atoms; as discussed earlier according to quantum mechanics: there are no particles or non-particles. In that respect neutrons, protons and consequently quarks are no different than electrons or positrons. They all consist of waves. At least this is the way I understand it. Come to think about it, this is the most ingenious way of explaining how the universe does not contract to nothing. If one was to look at the universe as a huge cluster of tiny waves that are similar to light waves, how can one expect such waves to contract to nothing? It can’t be simpler than that. Now if one were to also see thoughts and dreams as waves, our entire existence would turn out to be made of waves. This, however, is a discussion for a different topic). Going back to the shape of galaxies; the best way to explain this phenomenon would be by comparing our universe to a huge bottomless sea. On our planet, object heavier than water sink to the bottom of the sea. But had our entire planet been formed of water or any other liquid, objects would only sink to the middle, for past a certain point they could sink no more and they would have to start floating upward to go any further in the same direction - impossible, nothing can float and sink on its own at the same time. One may argue that this observation may explain to us why galaxies are flat but cannot prove the existence of additional universes or the infiniteness of our universe. However, proving that the dark matter or dark energy is acting like a huge bottomless sea is an indication that the known universe has no empty zones and that it is all filled with some sort of matters. Had our universe contained any vacuum pockets, one would be able to envisage a much larger void or nothingness surrounding it. But since this is not the case, one has to assume that whatever is beyond our universe cannot be a void or nothingness. We either have nothingness or existence. Though, we are always thinking in terms of things being full or empty, in the infinite cosmos, we cannot have both. This is a law which can be called the law of existence. This observation may also explain how the motion of some galaxies may give the impression that our universe is expanding where in fact they are in the process of settling into a new position after they have been pushed around by other galaxies or they are newly formed and taking a free fall.

There could be many reasons why we are unable to see universes beyond ours. The most likely one is distance. Based on the distance between our solar system and the closest one to us, the distance separating our universe from any other universes would have to be measured in trillions of light years. In terms of light speed, the diameter of our solar system is measured in minutes, whereas the distance to the closest star is measured in years. To have an idea how enormous the distance between two universes would be; one can simply figure out how many seconds to a year then multiply the number by the size of the universe, afterward, multiply this figure by the speed of light. Having done all that, one must find a corresponding formula to be factored into the equation. Conversely, if one were to find that the distance between two galaxies is on average one million times the size of either galaxy, then one must multiply this number by the figure arrived at in the previous calculation. The distance is so huge that one can doubt if we would ever be able to build an instrument which would allow us to peek through it let alone have a glimpse at the closest universe to us. We are looking at trillions of light years and perhaps more. Another reason is gravity. Even if we were to detect another universe, it would be impossible to see it, for the gravity of such a huge mass is not going to allow any light to escape. Now one can see how our universe may appear to be expanding where in fact it is orbiting around another universe. Indeed, observing our universe in action at its limits can prove to us that other universes exist.

Universal pressure is another way to prove that our universe must be surrounded by several universes. Here is what I mean. The weight of the dark matter should technically crush everything under or around it - including us. The reason we stay intact, happens to be zero gravity, and we are not talking about the earth gravity. Our massive universe has no gravity because it has been cancelled by the gravities of the universes surrounding it. Our entire universe is trapped and is hanging weightlessly among all these universes. No weight means no pressure. Furthermore, this is the reason why there will never be a big crunch or big rip. A completely free standing universe may be subject to either development. But, there is no such thing. As we stated earlier, there is only an infinite universe which is composed of an infinite number of universes. Our universe will never experience a crunch because the gravities of the other universes are pulling it from all direction. The only time a big crunch may occur is when these universes merge together. However, this is impossible because they are also locked among other universes. These universes may be elastic but they are also trapped. They may cause, intermittently, our universe to shrink or expand; however, they will never crush it or tear it apart. A universe is no different than anything else in space, planets rotate, stars circle galaxies, what is perceived as galaxies speeding away could very well be caused by a universe rotating while being trapped among other universes.

We may never determine the nature of the primary matter, nor will we ever know for sure what is beyond our universe, but we can be certain that whatever happens to be there, cannot be constant and must be active in one way or another and is continuously transforming or creating or re-creating itself or transform. In a way the whole universe and the combination of countless universes are part of what I call the Continuous Creation which is the only compelling force shared by all things that exist (or the Continuous Transformation when it comes to physical matters, however for the sake of simplicity Continuous Creation will be used in most cases).