Читать книгу Survival: The Ultimate Mission - Robert M.D. Skaf - Страница 6

We have already established that although it may be impossible to prove the universe or the universes have been around forever, the multi-universal mass itself has always existed in one shape or another. This infinite mass was the creation, it never required a creator, there was never a planner or a God, it just came to be. Heat and electricity - and perhaps information entropy if one is to believe in the theory - may be responsible for shaping matters or sub-matters, but they do not tell us how the physical universe was born. This is important because this is our starting point. Next, observing how galaxies die off and new ones form, one can make the assumption that this process has been around forever- just like the matter itself. Consequently, one can easily suggest that the age of our universe could be much older than what has been provided by most astrophysicists. Once it has been established that the dark matter has been around forever and that it is capable of fusing atoms, it would be possible to envisage a universe that has been around forever. The way I understand it, in measuring the age of the universe, scientists rely heavily on determining the age of old stars. Distance and brightness are the main keys by which they try to unlock the mystery. There is a problem with this method. Firstly, no one actually can say for sure that the age of our universe has been arrived at according to analyses done to the molecular structure of a particular star or galaxy. There is no lab to do the physical tests. Secondly, what if the light is not able to escape the gravitational pull of our universe? If a black hole is capable of trapping the light, a much larger body with billions of black holes should be capable of trapping any light; a development that would render flawed the current methods applied in any calculations. Furthermore, one should never overlook the fact that many galaxies have disappeared and the universe keep creating new ones. The point is this: the oldest galaxy may be twenty billion years old, but the universe as a whole may have been in existence for always and thus the dark matter that occupies over 97% of it and its galaxies. We do not have a clue how old the dark matter is. In short, one cannot link the age of the universe to anything that had been wiped out. In that, to link the age of the universe to the oldest galaxy or star would be akin to stating that a particular species is one year old since this was the age of its oldest member. Even if one was to agree with current theories, many astrophysicists now believe that the age of universe is much older than we ever thought. Initially, the assumption was that the universe has been around for fourteen billion years. But someone decided to multiply this number by four, since our planet is surrounded by lights from four directions. The number grows larger as more powerful equipment is discovered farther away stars and galaxies. In my opinion, according to the current methods, scientists could only determine the age of the universe if they succeed in finding the oldest matter that ever existed - be it dark or visible. An impossible mission? One more point: theoretically speaking, splitting the atom could go on forever, which leads me to speculate that forming the atom has also gone forever. Moreover, the future of science and consequently the future of the human race is going to greatly depend on learning more about the components of the atom. Although, we have not even scratched the surface we were able to unleash nuclear powers, one cannot even imagine what other powers or forces humans can discover from controlling and manipulating sub-atomic particles or dark energy or dark matter. I can only say this: fusing an atom requires a great deal of energy and yet releases greater energy, therefore, it would be safe to speculate that sub-atomic particles require enormous amount of energy to fuse, yet the energy released is by far greater than anything known to us. Conversely, as far as discovery goes, the same can be said about biology. The more we discover about the gene the more control we accomplish. As is the case with the atom, the same can be said about mapping the human genome: it is only the beginning. Next let’s go over what we know about massive matters. Wimp is an acronym that stands for weakly interactive massive particles. As we all know, scientists don’t create words for romantic reasons; they must have observed that massive matters are destined to become active even when they may appear to be passive. In essence, one cannot separate energies or forces from matter, particles or sub-particles. (In fact wimps can also be called dark energy.) The tiny battery we buy off the shelf happens to be the perfect illustration of how this synergy takes place. With tiny bit of energy, the user can power an electric motor or illuminate a light. The tasks performed are seemingly easy; however, when one looks at the science behind them he or she may observe how an infinite universe happens to behave. In a blink of an eye, many conversions take place. Energy is transformed into electro-magnetic force or light. We may not know much about the dark matter but we have every reason to assume that -due to their enormous mass- they also spin forces of their own. We do not notice them because like the forces known to us, they also happen to neutralize each other. Eventually, they become active as different unknown matters get into the mix. The first person to observe the evidence of an invisible force that can be created out of a massive coalescence of matters was Sir Isaac Newton who is considered by many scholars to be the father of modern science. In simple terms, his theory states that any large object is able to attract other smaller objects to its surface by a force called gravity. To this date we still don’t know why and how this force is formed, all we know is that it is there wherever there is a huge mass. The fact that tidal waves are created by the gravity of the moon is a good indication of how a force can be created from the simple existence of a huge mass. Earlier on we talked about the dark matter where every celestial object is floating. In most cases the dark matter does not appear to be active. However, (without any intentional planning and just for the fact that mass and inaction never coexist in space or anywhere else), on occasions different systems with different dark matters collide generating an incredible amount of energy. Unknown matters spin a new mysterious force that is able to generate a number of forces that work together to fuse sub-atomic particles into atoms. Based on the fact that the dark matter in our universe forms a small part of a huge cluster of universes or an infinite universe, one may be justified to theorize that this energy ought to be much greater than any energy produced by our own universe. In fact, there are scientists who believe that the conditions to fuse sub-atomic particles can only be met by introducing a force from outside our universe. In general, most astrophysicists believe that black holes are also capable of fusing subatomic particles, yet they do not deny that atoms can also be fused into shape by an enormous multi-universal force. Whether one can prove this theory is a different topic for a different study. All we can say is that somewhat a phenomenon takes shape in the universe and becomes the breeding ground for new particles that would eventually bind together into a huge stellar cloud that could be the size of a galaxy or even a universe; it all depends on the size of the black hole. The one thing scientists do agree on is that the heat required to fuse sub-atomic particle must be substantially greater than the one that is able to fuse hydrogen into helium. To put things into perspective, in nature, only stars are able to fuse hydrogen. Here on earth, only a hydrogen bomb has practically achieved this goal. Basically we are looking at temperature in the million degree range. The heat needed to fuse sub-atomic particles could be as high as billion degrees. Basically, one needs enough heat to fuse the infusible. The existence of heavy atoms such as uranium is but one indication on how enormous this energy has to be. Curiously enough, some scientists believe that other regions of the universe may even harbour larger heavier atoms, which in this case, leads us to envisage an even greater force or heat. (Actually, at some point, the fusion of super heavy metals ends up absorbing more energy than it releases). The most fascinating thing about all these theories is in how a dead star or a galaxy or even a universe can somewhat get resurrected by this process. In theory, our universe or other universes could be reduced to a single atom. In fact, this is what the big bang is all about. Personally, I do not believe in this theory. As long as we can observe black holes in the skies, I am more inclined to speculate that the big bang was a black hole that gave birth to our galaxy. Without pretending to know much about black holes, I cannot see them exploding and contracting at the same time. I suspect that once the process of fusing heavy atoms begins, another one kicks in at the same time. Unlike anything observed in our history, this process is triggered by the enormous heat generated by the fusion of large atoms that keep getting larger and larger until everything around them cools off or is scattered away. This is what goes on inside the black hole, however, outside the black hole; another chain reaction is taking place. The enormous heat has turned the entire dead star into an atom forming furnace which feeds on dark matter and dark energy, the elements that make most of our universe, yet we hardly know anything about. We need an Einstein to figure out the temperature which could be into the billions of degrees, something unimaginable for sure. Here is another way to look at this phenomenon, temperatures of our own sun can reach millions of degrees, yet even at this enormous heat, we are told that no atom formation occurs. This theory is supported by another one which assumes that the sun is continuously losing mass, something which they believe to be typical of all other stars. As a lay person, I am not embarrassed to speculate that things are a lot more complicated than we ever thought. In my view the atomization process is very common in the universe. (Perhaps atomization is not the right word. Particlation as in particles or plasmation as in plasma would be more accurate; however, those words have never been used before to describe the process we are referring to. So, for the time being, atomize and atomization will have to do, although, they might convey the opposite meaning of what we are trying to describe.) Even stars are able to atomize dark matter and dark energy. Having trouble accepting this theory, take a look at nuclear fusion. From what I understand, three steps are involved in the process. To reach the temperature required to fuse the hydrogen atom, fission resulting from thermo explosion must take place. On a small scale, fusing atoms may not be able to atomize any dark matter, or if it did it would be of an insignificant amount. Things could be different on a large scale. Even a small star may be able to atomize dark matter. The enormous heat emitted by solar flares could only be traced to this process. There is no other explanation to the enormous difference in the temperature between the separate layers of the sun. Even if the mass loss theory is correct, it cannot be the proof to deny atom formation. For, what could be taken place is a combination of both. Actually, in some cases the sun could be gaining mass. It is possible that giant stars end up exploding as a result of the atomization process which allows their mass to grow beyond a star. Again, one may speculate that without this process, the life of stars, and ours in particular, would be more predictable. Logically speaking, the life of a giant star should be much longer than a small one. However, in most cases, it is the other way around. It all depends on the speed and level of atomization that is taking place. The life of our sun could be shortened by billions of years if atom formation or particlation is accelerated where it would turn our star into a giant one which will eventually blow up into pieces. However, should the sun fail to acquire more mass through this process, we would end up with a tiny star or a dwarf star, if not a red giant. As one can observe, the life of a star is very complex and therefore impossible to predict. Simply put, there are too many factors involved in the process. We are talking billions of years of volatile and extreme nuclear reactions. For instance, millions of years can go by without any changes, whereas an expansion or a contraction can go on for over billion years. All indications are that most stars experience both phenomena until they die off or blow up. Perhaps, in the future, scientists would be able to monitor all solar activities and properties with greater accuracy. This is when they will discover that there are certain activities that may cause the sun to expand, where others may result in diminishing its density. The changes in the climate our planet experienced during its history confirm my theory. It is for this reason that it would be impossible to know when our sun is going to die off. Any guess could be billions of years off the mark. Mind you, this is nothing in cosmological terms. Things become completely different with black holes. In addition to reaching a temperature to form atoms, unlike any star, it becomes a furnace with an endless supply of dark matter which can be drawn from all universes, in theory at least. I suspect, the atom formation does not stop, it only becomes much slower. As the black hole grows large enough to pull everything together and thus forming a cosmic stellar dust which gravity would prevent any particle or sub-particle or even heat to escape, only the outer layer of the cloud would be hot enough to atomize sub particles. Once the sub-atomic matters in and around the center, basically most of the stellar cloud, finally atomize, they become stable, and consequently, their temperature starts to cool down causing this huge cloud - which could be the size of a universe - to break up into smaller ones. Stars begin to take shape as these clusters further cool off. This scenario is much similar to what happens on earth with colliding clouds. In this case the end products are rain, thunder and lightning. If one finds this example to be short in conviction, or has difficulty in understanding gravity, one needs only observe how static electricity is created out of the most passive organic matters such as cotton and wool. Just the fact that stars are born is the proof that at some point, the process of particlation or plasmation takes place in the universe.

Not only does the universe stay in motion. Not only does it keep re-creating itself, but the dynamics, phenomena, forces and aspects resulting from this interaction, themselves become part of the equation, of the total picture if you will. In more ways than one, the compelling force becomes part of the universe as well. Even long after the dust settles (literally and figuratively) and chaos gives birth to stars and planets; everything in the universe has to stay active. As stated earlier, in essence the universe itself becomes a created continuous creation and may be calling it as such would be a more accurate description of what it is. There is no existence without some sort of continuous creation or transformation, be it physical, biological, spiritual or intellectual. In a bizarre way, in the case of massive object, the mass becomes controlled by a force of its own creation. The atom becomes controlled by weak and strong forces. We as humans go through the same experience on daily basis. Anyone in business easily becomes controlled by whatever enterprise he or she may create. I happen to be in a position to offer a first-hand experience about this phenomenon: as a grocer who runs his own grocery store, the business which is my own creation controls my life. The time I decide to get up, go to bed, eat, exercise, and socialize is completely controlled by what happens at the store. Here, like in every enterprise, the operation takes a life of its own and becomes an invisible force that is able to control everyone involved - its own creator included. Artists quickly slip into being obsessed by their dreams. In their case, their vision takes hold of their lives. The universes also may turn out to be controlled by an unknown super electro-magnetic force. Conversely, if the universe happens to be the creation of God, it is very doubtful that God was in a position to foresee that his own creation would end up being controlled by an unexpected force - at least the Bible does not make any revelation about any of the forces known to us. Not only that, but as we shall observe later on in our discussion, the new emerging force, which we called the continuous creation or the continuous transformation force in the case of matter, will also prove to be the overriding force of all forces. This is the most compelling all-encompassing force that does not allow anything in existence to escape its grip. Other forces may not be present everywhere, the force of continuous creation is. All in all, in the case of the physical universe, once the atom is fused, it becomes more like a stem cell. Each atom somehow ends up being programmed in a certain manner, each ends up governed with certain entropy, all of which can have a different effect each time it interacts with other elements. Take the Tyndall effect for instance. The interaction of light and the earth atmosphere makes the skies appear to be blue. This takes place despite the fact that air is a colorless gas. The point here is that as human beings, we have no control over the forces of the universe, nor can we anticipate the outcome of its phenomena or effects - albeit, we may able to understand and manipulate them. We are only in a position to control our actions. It is in how we work together, in how we cooperate, in how we discharge our social and civil duties, in how we plan, in how we intend to survive beyond the confine of this planet; these are the actions that can help us control the outcome of our destiny. Our success in making our world a better place to live in greatly depends on us. Reaching our long term goal of devising a workable plan to colonize a different planet is going to require more than the cooperation of few individuals, any task of such a magnitude is going to need the effort of all nations. From what I see, God has not been able to do much for us on earth, it is very doubtful that he or she is going to be available to save us when this planet is going to die - providing humanity survive until then. What I am saying here is not new. Anyone who is an existentialist or is familiar with this philosophy will find my views to be very similar.

After offering a glimpse on how the continuous creation manifests itself in space, we can draw the conclusion that to exist, the mass has to go beyond being just a passive matter, it has to be in a state of a continuous transformation and creativity. We can also conclude that this transformation is not caused by any supernatural force; it is triggered by the natural interaction of any masses -regardless of their sizes. Again the best way to understand how forces come to be is by observing static electricity or gravity. Moreover, the fact that randomness and chance play a big role in what results as a consequence of such occurrence should make anyone who believes in the supernatural re-examine his or her conviction. We now move on beyond physics and atoms to provide a picture of what goes on as chemical elements, by interacting amongst themselves, create a universe of their own, which becomes a parallel universe in more ways than one. In fact the physical universe itself is the product of an earlier universe that may still exist without our knowledge.