Читать книгу Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology - Robert Weis - Страница 146

Affective bias:A form of wishful thinking in which our perceptions are influenced by our desires, motives, and emotionsAttrition:A threat to a study’s internal validity caused by the loss of participants over the course of the studyBeneficence:An ethical principle that involves balancing the benefits of one’s actions against the risks or costs involvedCase study:A research design that provides a detailed description of a person, group, or phenomenonConfirmatory bias:A form of selective thinking in which our perceptions are influenced by our beliefs, thoughts, and expectationsCorrelation coefficient (r):A statistical measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variablesCorrelational study:A research design that examines the relationships between variablesCritical thinking:A tendency to be skeptical and seek plausible alternative explanations for phenomena rather than rely on others’ beliefs or opinionsCross-sectional study:A type of research design that examines the association between variables at the same point in timeDebriefing:A feature of a study in which researchers describe the nature, results, and conclusions of the study and answer questions about the study that participants might haveDeception:A feature of a study in which researchers deliberately provide false or incomplete information to participants in order to mislead them; can only be used under limited conditionsDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI):A neuroimaging method that measures the density and volume of white matter in the brain to estimate connectivity between brain regionsDouble-blind study:A research design in which neither participants nor researchers know which participants are receiving treatment and which are serving as controlsEffect size (ES):In meta-analysis, a number that reflects the weighted mean difference between treatment and control groups at the end of a treatment outcome studyEmpirical data:Information acquired through our senses, especially direct observation and careful measurementExperiment:A research design that allows researchers to conclude causal relationships between variables; essential features include random assignment, the systematic manipulation of one variable, and holding all extraneous factors constantExternal validity:The degree to which the results of a study generalize to other people and situationsFalsifiability:The capacity for an idea to be proven wrong; an essential feature of all scientific hypothesesFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI):A neuroimaging method that measures brain activity by detecting blood oxygen concentrations during a mental taskHypothesis:A specific, falsifiable prediction about the relationship between two or more variablesIdiographic assessment:Data collection that evaluates a person’s unique abilities, experiences, and behaviorsInformed consent in research:An ethical requirement for all research studies; involves making sure that participants are aware of the purpose and nature of the study, agree to participate freely, and know that they can withdraw at any timeInternal validity:The degree to which we can conclude that the manipulation of the independent variable in a study (e.g., treatment) caused a corresponding change in the dependent variable (e.g., outcome)Longitudinal study:A type of research design that examines the association between variables at different points in time; specifies the temporal relationship between the variablesMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI):A neuroimaging method in which a strong magnetic field is used to create a static, detailed image of the bodyMediator:A variable that can help explain how two other variables are related; usually a continuous variableMeta-analysis:A statistical technique that is used to combine the results of multiple research studies into a single, overall numerical result called an effect sizeModerator:A variable that affects the direction or strength of two other variables; usually a categorical variableNomothetic assessment:Data collection that evaluates how groups of people typically think, feel, or actNonequivalent groups study:A type of quasi-experimental study in which researchers compare treatment and control groups, but participants are not randomly assigned to these groupsNonmaleficence:An ethical principle that means avoiding harm or inflicting the least discomfort possible to reach a beneficial outcomeOpen-label study:A research design in which participants and researchers know which participants are receiving treatment and which are serving as controlsOperational definition:A precise description of how a variable in a research study will be measuredParsimony:A scientific principle that dictates that simpler explanations should be selected over more complex explanationsPlacebo effect:People’s tendency to alter their behavior simply because they know they are receiving treatment; a threat to the internal validity of a studyPrecision:Care in the manner in which scientists collect data and draw conclusions from their observationsPretest-posttest study:A type of quasi-experimental study in which the same group of participants is assessed before and after treatmentPseudoscience:Statements, beliefs, and practices that people claim to be evidence based but are incompatible with scientific thinking; based largely on biases, opinions, and appeals to authorityQuasi-experimental study:A research design that involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to groupsRandom assignment:A research method in which each participant has an equal chance of being part of each experimental condition; an essential feature of an experimentRandom selection:A manner of recruiting participants for a research study in which each person in a given population has an equal chance of being includedRandomized controlled trial:A special type of experiment used to test the efficacy of treatment; participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groupsReplication crisis:Refers to the finding that the results of many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to reproduceReproducibility:Scientific principle that the results of research studies must be replicated before they are acceptedScience:A set of principles and procedures that are used to guard against biased thinking; relies on the careful, systematic collection of data to understand ourselves and the worldScientific method:Procedures used to gather, evaluate, and organize information about the natural worldSelection bias:A systematic difference between participants in the treatment and control groups that can emerge when participants are not randomly assigned; a problem often seen in nonequivalent group studiesSingle subject study:A type of quasi-experimental study in which one participant’s behavior is assessed over time, usually with and without treatmentTheory:An integrated set of ideas that explain and predict broad aspects of behavior or developmentThreats to internal validity:Characteristics of research studies that limit our ability to make causal inferences: maturation, environmental factors, repeated testing, attrition, and selection biasTreatment as usual (TAU):The most stringent type of control group in which participants are referred to practitioners in the community and receive whatever treatment they provide