Читать книгу Dental Management of Sleep Disorders - Ronald Attanasio - Страница 21

The impact of sleep disorders on one's health can present in a variety of ways. It is now well recognized that a wide variety of health issues potentially may arise as a result of sleep disorders. In addition, at times an illness or health problem can conversely impact one’s sleep. For the sake of clarity, the one’s of greatest importance and the most frequently encountered will be reviewed here.

The increased risk for CVD and elevated blood pressure associated with SRDB are well documented. The largest and the most cited study, the Sleep Heart Health Study, took place between 1995 and 1998 as a multicenter cohort study with over 6000 people age 40 and above as participants [23]. The results of this study found that sleep apnea along with other SRBDs are risk factors for CVD which is inclusive of myocardial infarction and stroke. A variety of mechanisms are proposed indicating that sleep apnea and CVD are related with elevated blood pressure as the more common finding.

Alteration in metabolic and endocrine function is also associated with an SRDB, the most prevalent of which is type 2 diabetes. It has been found that snoring alone increases the risk for type 2 diabetes independent of any other risk factors [24].

Table 1.1 Common risk factors.

Sleep‐related breathing disorders

Increased incidence with age

Frequent and loud snoring

Mouth breathing – difficulty in nose breathing

Gasping for air during sleep

Associated with larger neck and waist size

Increases with weight gain

Males have greater risk than females

Airway obstruction – especially large tonsils and adenoids

Hypothyroidism

Coexisting cardiovascular disease or hypertension

Allergy or asthma

Family history

Insomnia

Increases with age

Associated with anxiety and/or depression

Associated with pain, headaches, arthritis, temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) symptoms

Dissatisfied with one's quality of sleep

Females have greater risk than males

Substance abuse

Perceives health as worse or bad

Level of schooling

Restless limb syndrome (RLS)

Increases with age

Worsens over time – follows a chronic course

Females greater than males

Use of antidepressants

Associated with low iron levels

Peripheral neuropathy

Pregnancy

End‐stage renal disease

May coexist with sleep bruxism

Table 1.2 Prevalence of sleep problems with comorbid illness (age 55–84).

Source: Adapted from Foley et al. [21].

Prevalence of sleep problems by %	Number of comorbidities
36%	None
52%	1–3
69%	4 or more

Other health issues that impact sleep also need to be recognized. Classically among these are painful conditions, increased stress, and psychological issues such as anxiety and depression. These most often lead to insomnia and a decrease in sleep time, sleep quality, and in many instances an associated increased time in bed.

As has been demonstrated, sleep disorders may potentially increase the risk for a multitude of health problems. It is not an absolute that a given sleep disorder will lead to any one specific health problem. The important issue is to recognize that these health problems may have an underlying sleep disorder as a contributing factor in the development or progression of a health issue (Table 1.3).

Because of the increased risk for the development of health problems with sleep disorders, there may be an associated increase in healthcare costs as well. It is well documented that the presence of a sleep disorder may drive up the cost of healthcare in general. It has been estimated that untreated sleep apnea may add $3.4 billion in medical costs [25]. At this time, it is unclear what the actual savings in medical costs are with the management of sleep apnea. In a study of 31 patients diagnosed with CVD and who had sleep apnea, when they adequately managed the apnea there was a reduction in the need for hospitalization related to the cardiovascular illness [26]. In addition, it is recognized that an association with the severity of the sleep disorder may be related to increased healthcare expenditures.

The costs of healthcare are increased by the lack of attention to the specific sleep disorder. A 1998 study demonstrates that 10 years prior to the actual diagnosis of sleep apnea the patients that were eventually diagnosed with sleep apnea when compared to the matched controls incurred nearly double the costs for healthcare and were hospitalized more [27, 28]. This demonstrates that in many instances the sleep disorder precedes the onset of the specific health issue or consequence. If the sleep disorder is not discovered, then the attention to the related health issue takes precedence. This may then lead to an increase in expenditures for various testing, imaging, physician visits, hospitalizations, and medication or prescription usage.

Along with the health issues that may arise there is also an impact on one's QOL. Studies that look at QOL measures clearly demonstrate that patients with a sleep disorder feel that their QOL is poorer than those without apnea [29, 30]. In addition, the QOL of the bed partner is also impacted. When the SRBD is improved, both the patient and the bed partner may experience an improvement in their QOL [31].