Читать книгу Security Engineering - Ross Anderson - Страница 233

1 1 Microsoft had had more ambitious plans; its project Palladium would have provided a new, more trusted world for rights-management apps, alongside the normal one for legacy software. They launched Information Rights Management – DRM for documents – in 2003 but corporates didn't buy it, seeing it as a lock-in play. A two-world implementation turned out to be too complex for Vista and after two separate development efforts it was abandoned; but the vision persisted from 2004 in Arm's TrustZone, which I discuss below.

2 2 The trust-on-first-use model goes back to the 1990s with the Java standard J2ME, popularised by Symbian, and the Resurrecting Duckling model from about the same time. J2ME also supported trust-on-install and more besides. When Apple and Android came along, they initially made different choices. In each case, having an app store was a key innovation; Nokia failed to realise that this was important to get a two-sided market going. The app store does some of the access control by deciding what apps can run. This is hard power in Apple's case, and soft power in Android's; we'll discuss this in the chapter on phones.

3 3 There are a few exceptions: corporates can get signing keys for internal apps, but these can be blacklisted if abused.

4 4 I'll discuss fusible links in the chapter on tamper resistance, and iPhone PIN retry defeats in the chapter on surveillance and privacy.

5 5 Now owned by HP

6 6 They had been developed on a crash programme to save market share following the advent of RISC processors and the market failure of the iAPX432.

7 7 The best defence against ROP attacks in 2019 appears to be Apple's mechanism, in the iPhone X3 and later, for signing pointers with a key that's kept in a register; this stops ROP attacks as the attacker can't guess the signatures.

8 8 Full disclosure: this was developed by a team of my colleagues at Cambridge and elsewhere, led by Robert Watson.

9 9 In rare cases even human transmission can make malware spread quickly: an example was the ILoveYou worm which spread itself in 2000 via an email with that subject line, which caused enough people to open it, running a script that caused it to be sent to everyone in the new victim's address book.

10 10 Rust emerged from Mozilla research in 2010 and has been used to redevelop Firefox; it's been voted the favourite language in the Stack Overflow annual survey from 2016–2019.