Читать книгу Identification of the Larger Fungi - Roy Watling - Страница 11

Table of Contents

 1. Spores distinctly coloured in mass and coloured individually under the microscope 2

 Spores not, or faintly, coloured in mass and hyaline under the microscope 25

 2. Spores blackish or some shade of brown 8

 Spores pinkish 3

 3. Stem laterally attached to the cap or absent Claudopus (and some species of Clitopilus)

 Stem centrally attached to the cap 4

 4. Stem with a cup-like structure enveloping the base Volvariella

 Stem lacking any special structure at its base 5

 5. Gills not attached to the stem (free), or with part attached to and descending down the stem (decurrent) 6

 Gills attached to the stem but not descending down the stem 7

 6. Gills remote to free from the stem Pluteus

 Gills distinctly attached and descending down the stem Clitopilus (see also Eccilia p. 102)

 7. Gills broadly attached to the stem (adnate) Entoloma

 Gills narrowly attached to the stem (adnexed) Leptonia & Nolanea

 8. Stem laterally attached to the cap Crepidotus

 Stem centrally attached to the cap 9

 9. Spore-print some shade of brown 10

 Spore-print blackish to purplish black 18

 10. Spore-print bright rust-brown 11

 Spore-print dull clay-brown or ochraceous 16

 11. Stem with the veil girdling the stem (ring), or cobweb-like (cortina) 12

 Stem without the veil girdling the stem or when present then easily lost 13

 12. Stem with distinct ring or ring-zone Pholiota & related genera

 Stem with cobweb-like veil or faint filamentous ring-zone Cortinarius & Gymnopilus

 13. Gills attached to the stem but not descending down the stem (adnexed to adnate) 14

 Gills free of the stem, or distinctly attached to and running down the stem (decurrent), and then often joined together at the apex of the stem or at their base 15

 14. Cap-surface composed of rounded cells Conocybe

 Cap-surface composed of filamentous cells Galerina

 15. Gills free of the stem and the whole fruit-body very fragile Bolbitius

 Gills attached to and running down the stem (decurrent), easily separable from the cap-tissue and frequently veined at apex of stem Paxillus

 16. Cap scaly, fibrillose and roughened Inocybe

 Cap smooth, greasy or viscid 17

 17. Cap-surface composed of rounded cells Agrocybe

 Cap-surface composed of filamentous cells Naucoria & Hebeloma

 18. Gills or complete fruit-body becoming liquefied Coprinus

 Neither the gills nor fruit-body collapsing into a slurry of cells 19

 19. Gills free to remote from the stem or attached and descending down the stem (decurrent) 20

 Gills attached in some way to the stem but not descending down the stem (adnate to adnexed) 21

 20. Gills decurrent; stem possessing a cobweb-like veil Gomphidius and Chroogomphus

 Gills remote or free; stem possessing a usually persistent ring Agaricus

 21. Gills distinctly spotted or distinctly mottled; stem stiff but breaking with a snap when bent; growing on dung or in richly manured areas Panaeolus

 Gills not spotted or distinctly mottled; stem cartilaginous or not, and fruit-body growing on dung or not 22

 22. Gills broadly attached to the stem (adnate) and with a veil girdling the stem Stropharia

 Gills narrowly attached to the stem (adnexed) or with concave dentation near the stem (sinuate), or if adnate then lacking a ring 23

 23. Gills with concave indentation near the stem (sinuate) and cap and stem with a cobweb-like veil Hypholoma

 Gills attached to the stem but lacking a distinct concave indentation near the stem 24

 24. Stem stiff but breaking with a snap when bent; edge of cap incurved at first and cap-surface composed of filamentous cells Psilocybe

 Stem fragile; edge of cap straight even when young and cap-surface composed of rounded cells Psathyrella

 25. Fruit-body fleshy and readily decaying, often firm but never tough 26

 Fruit-body tough and not easily decaying 47

 26. Parasitic on other agarics Nyctalis

 Not parasitic on other agarics 27

 27. Spore-bearing layer on fold-like often forked gills or simply on irregularities 28

 Spore-bearing layer (hymenium), on distinct well-formed gills 29

 28. Spore-bearing layer on fold-like gills Cantharellus

 Spore-bearing layer on surface of irregularities Craterellus

 29. Cap easily separable from the stem 30

 Cap not easily separable from the stem 31

 30. Stem with girdling veil (ring) and/or with a persistent cup-like structure at the base (volva); cap usually with warts or scales distributed on its surface Amanita

 Stem with a ring but lacking a volva; cap surface powdery, hairy or scaly Lepiota & related genera

 31. Cap, stem and gills brittle; stem never stiff and either exuding a milk-like juice or not; spores with spines or warts which stain blue-black in solutions containing iodine 32

 Cap, stem and gills soft or if stem stiff then snapping when bent; gills never brittle 33

 32. Fruit-body exuding a milk-like fluid Lactarius

 Fruit-body not exuding milk-like fluid Russula

 33. Gills thick, watery and lustrous (waxy) or with a bloom as if powdered with talc; often brightly coloured 34

 Gills not waxy and rarely over 1·5 mm thick 36

 34. Gills rather watery and lustrous (waxy); spores smooth 35

 Gills rigid not watery, with powdery bloom; spores with distinct spines Laccaria

 35. Fruit-body with a distinct veil and growing in woods; cap often viscid or pale coloured Hygrophorus

 Fruit-body lacking a veil and usually growing in fields; cap usually brightly coloured and sometimes viscid Hygrocybe

 36. Stem with girdling veil (ring) and/or stem not attached to the centre of the cap (eccentric) 37

 Stem central and lacking a ring 38

 37. Stem central and possessing a ring Armillaria

 Stem not centrally attached to the cap members of the ‘Pleurotaceae’ (p. 74)

 38. Stem fibrous 39

 Stem stiff only in the outer layers 42

 39. Gills with a concave indentation near the stem (sinuate) 40

 Gills attached to and descending down the stem (decurrent) 41

 40. Spores with warts which darken in solutions containing iodine Melanoleuca

 Spores not so colouring in solutions containing iodine Tricholoma & related genera

 41. Spores with warts which darken in solutions containing iodine Leucopaxillus

 Spores not so colouring in solutions containing iodine Tricholoma & related genera

 42. Gills thick and with rather blunt edges Cantharellula & Hygrophoropsis

 Gills thin and with distinct and sharp edges 43

 43. Gills attached to and descending down the stem (decurrent); cap often depressed at the centre and sterile cells absent from the gills and the surface of the cap Clitocybe & Omphalina

 Gills attached to the stem but not descending down the stem (adnate to adnexed) or if descending then distinct sterile cells on the gills, cap and stem 44

 44. Cap-edge straight and usually striate when young; cap thin and somewhat conical and gills descending down the stem or not Mycena & related genera

 Cap-edge incurved, non-striate and cap rather fleshy; gills not descending down the stem 45

 45. Stem dark and woolly at least in the lower half and the cap viscid; fruit-bodies growing in clusters on tree-trunks Flammulina

 Stem not dark and woolly 46

 46. Cap viscid and stem usually rooting; fruit-body growing directly on wood or attached to wood by long strands or cords of mycelium (rhizomorphs) Oudemansiella

 If cap viscid then fruit-body neither attached to wood by cords of mycelium nor stem with a rooting base Collybia & related genera

 47. Stem central and gills often interconnected by veins; cap can be dried and later revived, purely by moistening Marasmius & related genera

 Stem not attached to the centre of the cap and fruit-body although persistent not easily revived to natural shape after once being dried 48

 48. Spore-print blue-black with solutions containing iodine 49

 Spore-print yellowish in solutions containing iodine 50

 49. Gills toothed or notched along the edges Lentinellus

 Gills even along their edges and not toothed Panellus

 50. Gills appearing as if split down their middles Schizophyllum

 Gills not splitting 51

 51. Gills notched or toothed along their edges Lentinus

 Gills even along their edges and not toothed Panus

 52. Spore print yellowish, purplish, black or pink 53

 Spore-print some shade of brown, but without purplish flush 56

 53. Spore-print yellowish or pinkish 54

 Spore-print purplish brown or blackish 55

 54. Spore-print yellowish Gyroporus

 Spore-print pinkish Tylopilus

 55. Spore-print purplish brown Porphyrellus

 Spore-print blackish and spores ornamented Strobilomyces

 56. Cap glutinous and stem with or without girdling veil (ring); within the tubes the sterile cells (cystidia) cluster together Suillus

 Cap at most viscid and then only in wet weather and sterile cells within the tubes individually placed 57

 57. Stem-surface covered with distinct black or dark brown or white then darkening scales; spore-print clay-brown with or without a flush of cinnamon-pinkish brown Leccinum

 Stem-surface covered completely or in part with a network or pattern of faint lines or pale yellow or red-rust but never black dots; spore-print olivaceous buff Boletus & related genera