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Sensor technology devices have become more miniaturised, wearable, user-friendly, cost effective, less intrusive, and inclusive, and are often accessible to outpatients and individuals. Human vital signs as well as abnormalities can be captured invasively or noninvasively (and in some cases nonintrusively) by various sensor modalities, some packed together in one package. The new wireless technology in parallel with the advances in high-speed computing systems provides more accurate and accessible health-monitoring systems. Physical, physiological, biological, and other sensor types are fast developing and allow full body screening in all times. Emerging sensor technologies provide constant feedback to individuals and create a safer and healthier world.

Table 3.1 Biosensors, their principle, applications, and bibliography.

No.	Type	Principle	Applications	Bibliography
1.	Glucose oxidase electrode-based biosensor	Electrochemistry using glucose oxidation	Analysis of glucose in biological sample	Clark and Lyons [45]
2.	HbA1c biosensor	Electrochemistry using ferroceneboronic acid	Robust analytical method for measuring glycated haemoglobin	Wang et al. [52]
3.	Uric acid biosensor	Electrochemistry	For detection of clinical abnormalities or diseases	Erden and Kilic [53] and Kim et al. [54]
4.	Acetylcholinesterase inhibition-based biosensors	Electrochemistry	Understanding pesticidal impact	Pundir and Chauhan [55]
5.	Piezoelectric biosensors	Electrochemistry	Detecting organophosphate and carbamate	Marrazza [56]
6.	Microfabricated biosensor	Optical/visual biosensor using cytochrome P450 enzyme	For drug development	Schneider and Clark [57]
7.	Hydrogel (polyacrylamide)-based biosensor	Optical/visual biosensor	Biomolecular immobilisation	Khimji et al. [58]
8.	Silicon biosensor	Optical/visual/fluorescence	Bioimaging, biosensing, and cancer therapy	Peng et al. [59] and Shen et al. [60]
9.	Quartz crystal biosensor	Electromagnetic	For developing ultrahigh-sensitive detection of proteins in liquids	Ogi [61]
10.	Nanomaterials-based biosensors	Electrochemical or optical/visual/fluorescence	For multifaceted applications including biomedicine, e.g. diagnostic tools	Li et al. [62], Kwon and Bard [63], Zhou et al. [64], Guo [65], Hutter and Maysinger [66], Ko et al. [67], Senveli and Tigli [68], Valentini et al. [69], Lamprecht et al. [70], and Sang et al. [71]
11.	Genetically encoded or fluorescence-tagged biosensor	Fluorescence	For understanding biological process including various molecular systems inside the cell	Randriamampita and Lellouch [72], Oldach and Zhang [73], Kunzelmann et al. [74], and Wang et al. [75]
12.	Microbial fuel-cell-based biosensors	Optical	To monitor biochemical oxygen demand and toxicity in the environment and heavy metal and pesticidal toxicity	Gutierrez et al. [76] and Sun et al. [77]

Table 3.2 Use of biosensors in disease diagnosis.

No.	Biosensor(s)	Disease diagnosis or medical applications
1.	Glucose oxidase electrode-based biosensor and HbA1c biosensor	Diabetes
2.	Uric acid biosensor	Cardiovascular and general disease diagnosis
3.	Microfabricated biosensor	Optical corrections
4.	Hydrogel (polyacrylamide)-based biosensor	Regenerative medicine
5.	Silicon biosensor	Cancer biomarker development and applications
6.	Nanomaterials-based biosensors	For therapeutic applications