Читать книгу EEG Signal Processing and Machine Learning - Saeid Sanei - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Hieroglyphic symbol for the ancient Egyptian word for ‘brain’.Figure 1.2 Physiologists Adolf Beck (Polish, 1863–1942) on the left and Vlad...Figure 1.3 The neuron membrane potential changes and current flow during syn...Figure 1.4 An example of an AP.Figure 1.5 Changing the membrane potential for a giant squid by closing the ...Figure 1.6 Structure of a neuron.Figure 1.7 The head layers from brain to scalp.Figure 1.8 Diagrammatic representation of the major parts of the brain.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Five (can be categorized as four) typical dominant brain normal r...Figure 2.2 Different waveforms that may appear in the EEG while awake or dur...Figure 2.3 Conventional 10–20 EEG electrode positions for the placement of 2...Figure 2.4 A diagrammatic representation of 10–20 electrode settings for 75 ...Figure 2.5 A typical set of EEG signals during approximately seven seconds o...Figure 2.6 Wearable and tattooed EEG systems/electrodes.Figure 2.7 Electrocorticography.Figure 2.8 Foramen ovale holes within facial skeleton.Figure 2.9 Foramen ovale electrodes.Figure 2.10 A 4‐mm diameter Stentrode with electrode contacts within the ste...Figure 2.11 A set of normal EEG signals affected by an eye‐blinking artefact...Figure 2.12 A multichannel EEG set with the clear appearance of ECG signals ...Figure 2.13 A set of multichannel EEG signals from a patient suffering from ...Figure 2.14 Bursts of 3–7 Hz seizure activity in a set of adult EEG signals....Figure 2.15 Generalized tonic–clonic (grand mal) seizure. The seizure appear...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) A network of three neurons that exchange electric signals, na...Figure 3.2 A pair of oscillators weakly coupled via the perturbation functio...Figure 3.3 The Hodgkin–Huxley excitation model.Figure 3.4 A single AP in response to a transient stimulation based on the H...Figure 3.5 The AP from a Hodgkin–Huxley oscillatory model with reduced maxim...Figure 3.6 Simulation of an AP within the Morris–Lecar model. The model para...Figure 3.7 An illustration of the bursting behaviour that can be generated b...Figure 3.8 A nonlinear lumped model for generating the rhythmic activity of ...Figure 3.9 The local EEG model (LEM). The thalamocortical relay neurons are ...Figure 3.10 Simplified model for brain cortical alpha generation. The input ...Figure 3.11 A two‐column model for generation of VEP. Two connectivity const...Figure 3.12 A linear model for the generation of EEG signals.Figure 3.13 Mixture of Gaussian (dotted curves) models of a multimodal unkno...Figure 3.14 The Lewis membrane model [57].Figure 3.15 Circuits simulating (a) potassium and (b) sodium conductances in...Figure 3.16 The Lewis neuron model from 1968 [57].Figure 3.17 The Harmon neuron model [60].Figure 3.18 The Lewis model for simulation of the propagation of the action ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 An EEG set of tonic–clonic seizure signals including three segmen...Figure 4.2 (a) An EEG seizure signal including preictal, ictal, and posticta...Figure 4.3 Single‐channel EEG spectrum. (a) A segment of an EEG signal with ...Figure 4.4 TF representation of an epileptic waveform in (a) for different t...Figure 4.5 Morlet's wavelet: real and imaginary parts shown respectively in ...Figure 4.6 Mexican hat wavelet.Figure 4.7 The filter bank associated with the multiresolution analysis.Figure 4.8 (a) A segment of a signal consisting of two modulated components,...Figure 4.9 Illustration of for the Choi–Williams distribution.Figure 4.10 Cross‐spectral coherence for a set of three electrode EEGs, one ...Figure 4.11 An adaptive noise canceller.Figure 4.12 The general application of PCA.Figure 4.13 Adaptive estimation of the weight vector w(n).

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Separation of EMG and ECG using the SSA technique; top signal is ...Figure 5.2 BSS concept; mixing and blind separation of the EEG signals.Figure 5.3 A sample of an EEG signal simultaneously recorded with fMRI.Figure 5.4 The EEG signals after removal of the scanner artefact.Figure 5.5 Estimated independent components of a set of EEG signals, acquire...Figure 5.6 Topographic maps, each illustrating an IC. It is clear that the s...Figure 5.7 Tensor and its various modes.Figure 5.8 Tensor factorization using: (a) Tucker and (b) PARAFAC models.Figure 5.9 A tensor representation of a set of multichannel EEG signals. (a)...Figure 5.10 The extracted factors using STF–TS modelling. (a) and (b) illust...Figure 5.11 Restoration of the EEG signals in (a) from multiple eye blinks a...Figure 5.12 Representation of the first two components (a, b) in the time–sp...Figure 5.13 The results of application of the FOBSS algorithm to a set of sc...Figure 5.14 The intracranial records from three electrodes. These signals we...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Generated chaotic signal using the model x(n) → αx(n)(1 − x(Figure 6.2 The attractors for (a) a sinusoid and (b) the above chaotic time ...Figure 6.3 The reference and the model trajectories, evolution of the error,...Figure 6.4 (a) The signal and (b) prediction order measured for overlapping ...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 A two‐dimensional feature space with three clusters, each with me...Figure 7.2 Schematic diagram of deep clustering [16]. The deep features are ...Figure 7.3 An example of a decision tree to show the humidity level at 9:00 ...Figure 7.4 The SVM separating hyperplane and support vectors for a separable...Figure 7.5 Soft margin and the concept of a slack parameter.Figure 7.6 Nonlinear discriminant hyperplane (separation margin) for SVM.Figure 7.7 Output class distributions for (a) close to zero and (b) non‐zero...Figure 7.8 A biological neuron that expresses the fundamental elements of a ...Figure 7.9 A simple three‐layer NN for node localization in sensor networks ...Figure 7.10 Sigmoid (a) and ReLU (b) activation functions.Figure 7.11 An example of a CNN and the operations in different layers.Figure 7.12 Structure of an autoencoder NN.Figure 7.13 The schematic of the VAE structure. refers to Kullback–Leibler...Figure 7.14 (a) The association of biological neuron activity and an artific...Figure 7.15 Rate‐based encoding (on the left) and temporal encoding (on the ...Figure 7.16 A synthetic ECG segment of a healthy individual and its correspo...Figure 7.17 An HMM for detection of a healthy heart from an ECG sequence.Figure 7.18 CSP patterns related to right‐hand movement (a) and left‐hand mo...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Cross‐spectral coherence for a set of three electrode EEGs, one s...Figure 8.2 Connectivity pattern imposed in the generation of simulated signa...Figure 8.3 The result of application of S‐transform to a set of simulated so...Figure 8.4 Representation of node k and its neighbouring nodes for diffusion...Figure 8.5 The use of brain connectivity for diffusion adaptation filtering....Figure 8.6 An illustration of brain connectivity pattern. EEG signals collec...Figure 8.7 Variation of combination weights (brain connectivity parameters) ...Figure 8.8 Example of modelling the multirelational social network as a tens...Figure 8.9 Conceptual model of tensors decomposition for linked multiway BSS...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Four P100 components: (a) two normal P100 and (b) two abnormal P1...Figure 9.2 The average ERP signals for normal and alcoholic subjects. The cu...Figure 9.3 Typical P3a and P3b subcomponents of a P300 ERP signal viewed at ...Figure 9.4 Block diagram of the ICA‐based algorithm proposed in [43]. Three ...Figure 9.5 Synthetic ERP templates including a number of delayed Gaussian an...Figure 9.6 The results of the ERP detection algorithm [47]. The scatter plot...Figure 9.7 The average P3a and P3b for a schizophrenic patient (a) and (b) r...Figure 9.8 Construction of an ERP signal using a WN. The nodes in the hidden...Figure 9.9 Dynamic variations of ERP signals. (a) First stimulus and (b) twe...Figure 9.10 Estimated ERPs by applying KF and PF, (a) and (b) ERP latency ov...Figure 9.11 Estimated (a) amplitude and (b) latency of P3a (bold line) and P...Figure 9.12 The chirplets extracted from a simulated EEG‐type waveform [75]....

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 The magnetic field B at each electrode is calculated with respec...Figure 10.2 The magnetic field B at each electrode is calculated with respec...Figure 10.3 The steps in using MRI data to build up a head model. (a) Origin...Figure 10.4 Localization results for (a) the schizophrenic patients and (b) ...Figure 10.5 Flow diagram of inverse methods used for EEG source localization...Figure 10.6 The locations of the P3a and P3b sources for five patients in a ...Figure 10.7 The locations of the P3a and P3b sources for five healthy indivi...Figure 10.8 Localization plot for one source uncorrelated with other sources...Figure 10.9 Percentage of successful localizations for various SNRs for the ...Figure 10.10 Percentage of successful localizations for various SNRs for the...Figure 10.11 Localization plot for P3a, circles, o, and P3b, squares, □, for...Figure 10.12 Localization plot for the P3a, circles, o, and P3b, squares, □,...Figure 10.13 Topographies or power profiles of real MEG data obtained using ...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Two segments of EEG signals each from a patient suffering: (a) g...Figure 11.2 The CNN architecture proposed in [48]. The first layer (Conv2D) ...Figure 11.3 (a) A sample of IED recorded using intracranial foramen ovale el...Figure 11.4 The main three different neonate seizure patterns. (a) Low ampli...Figure 11.5 Eight seconds of EEG signals from eight out of 16 scalp electrod...Figure 11.6 The four independent components obtained by applying BSS to the ...Figure 11.7 The smoothed λ₁ evolution over time for two intracranial electro...Figure 11.8 Smoothed λ₁ evolution over time for two independent components I...Figure 11.9 (a) A segment of eight seconds of EEG signals (with zero mean) f...Figure 11.10 (a) Intracranial EEG analysis: three‐point smoothed λ₁ evolutio...Figure 11.11 Smoothed λ₁ evolution for a focal seizure estimated from the in...Figure 11.12 (a) Smoothed λ₁ evolution of four intracranial electrodes for a...Figure 11.13 The schematic for the proposed LRCN seizure prediction algorith...Figure 11.14 Foramen ovale holes where the subdural electrodes are inserted ...Figure 11.15 Basal (left) and lateral (right) X‐ray images showing the inser...Figure 11.16 A segment of concurrent multichannel data. The first 22 signals...Figure 11.17 The scoring histogram provided by an expert in epilepsy.Figure 11.18 Classification accuracy of the ensemble classifier with respect...Figure 11.19 The ratio of detected IEDs (from the scalp EEG), to the total n...Figure 11.20 Detected scalp‐invisible IEDs with true positive on the top and...Figure 11.21 Examples of single‐channel reconstructed intracranial signals f...Figure 11.22 Topology of the DNN for mapping scalp to iEEGs. X is the scalp ...Figure 11.23 A schematic comparison between the proposed method (left) and a...Figure 11.24 Estimation of iEEG for two IED segments and a non‐IED segment (...Figure 11.25 A segment of EEG signals affected by the scanner ballistocardio...Figure 11.26 Schematic diagram of the topographic map correlation procedure....

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Exemplar EEG signals recorded during drowsiness.Figure 12.2 During Stage III sleep, 26 s of brain waves were recorded.Figure 12.3 Twenty‐six seconds of brain waves recorded during the REM state....Figure 12.4 A typical concentration of melatonin in a healthy adult man (ext...Figure 12.5 Typical waveforms for (a) spindles and (b) K‐complexes, adopted ...Figure 12.6 Time–frequency energy map of 20 seconds epochs of sleep EEG in d...Figure 12.7 Block diagram of the sleep scoring system proposed in [34].Figure 12.8 The scoring result of the proposed system in [34] (bottom) compa...Figure 12.9 I × K matrix X is converted to tensor where J is the number of...Figure 12.10 Block diagram of the single‐channel source separation system us...Figure 12.11 A model for neuronal slow‐wave generation; is the derivative ...Figure 12.12 A sample PSG record of multichannel five seconds long data. The...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Inter‐hemisphere coherency of beta, alpha, and theta rhythms; to...Figure 13.2 Inter‐hemisphere phase synchronization of beta, alpha, and theta...Figure 13.3 Tracking variability of P3a and P3b before and during fatigue; t...Figure 13.4 Comparison of three methods (spatial PCA, exact match and mismat...Figure 13.5 (a) Single‐trial ERPs (40 trials related to the infrequent tones...Figure 13.6 Selection of reference signals for P3a and P3b. In each row, the...Figure 13.7 Scalp projections of P3a (top row) and P3b (bottom row) in four ...Figure 13.8 Forty single‐trial ERPs and their average from the Cz channel be...Figure 13.9 Forty single‐trial ERPs and their average from the Cz channel du...Figure 13.10 The ERP achieved by averaging 40 EEG trials before and during t...Figure 13.11 The estimated scalp projections of P3a (top row) and P3b (botto...Figure 13.12 The estimated scalp projections of P3a (top row) and P3b (botto...Figure 13.13 Theta phase synchronization of F3–F4: (a) before stimulus and (...Figure 13.14 Alpha phase synchronization of C3–C4: (a) before stimulus and (...Figure 13.15 Beta phase synchronization of F3–F4: (a) before stimulus and (b...Figure 13.16 Two‐stage PCANet block diagram proposed in [55].

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The limbic system and the location of the amygdala.Figure 14.2 The generators of respiration‐related anxiety potentials are in ...Figure 14.3 Valence–arousal space showing high and low positive and negative...Figure 14.4 Emotion neural circuitry regions involved in emotion regulation....Figure 14.5 Direct and indirect pathways to the amygdala.Figure 14.6 Time course of an EPN and its corresponding topography images [9...Figure 14.7 Time course of the late positive potential; grand‐averaged ERP w...Figure 14.8 Olfactory bulb.Figure 14.9 Group comparison between anterior and posterior P300 amplitudes ...Figure 14.10 Negative and positive magnitudes of activity for the main regio...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Distribution of the MEG sensors into left central (LC), anterior...Figure 15.2 Block diagram of the spectral coherency, c(f), measure.Figure 15.3 (a) A 10 second segment of one EMG channel and (b) its correspon...Figure 15.4 Reference selection using the k‐means algorithm.Figure 15.5 Spectral coherency levels without (left) and with (right) region...Figure 15.6 ERPs recorded using the Cz electrode for (a) healthy and (b) AD ...Figure 15.7 Mean GC magnitudes across subjects for all links in control, AD–...Figure 15.8 Results of the multitask diffusion adaptation method in [5] for ...Figure 15.9 Ten brain regions used to estimate the functional connectivity u...Figure 15.10 A sample of 10‐channel EEG of a CJD patient showing clear perio...Figure 15.11 EEG in the very early stages of CJD, showing right‐lateralised ...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Stimulus‐locked and response‐locked ERPs. Stimulus‐locked grand ...Figure 16.2 Typical faces and labels for congruent and incongruent stimuli u...Figure 16.3 Block diagram of the system developed in [55] for classification...Figure 16.4 Typical ERPs recorded (and averaged over trials) from the Fz ele...Figure 16.5 The mean asymmetry between the left and right brain hemisphere c...Figure 16.6 The 13 EEG electrode groups used in [74].

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 A cross‐section of the motor cortex and the links to different o...Figure 17.2 Readiness potential elicited around the finger movement time ins...Figure 17.3 The averaged RPs from C3 and C4 during left and right finger mov...Figure 17.4 ERD/ERS patterns over the central region (C3 and C4) during imag...Figure 17.5 A typical BCI system using scalp EEGs when visual feedback is us...Figure 17.6 A hybrid BSS‐SVM system for EEG artefact removal [98].Figure 17.7 Classification of left/right finger movements using space–time–f...Figure 17.8 Left finger imagination: two components. The upper figure repres...Figure 17.9 Right finger imagination: two components. The upper figures repr...Figure 17.10 The EEG signals before the removal of eye‐blinking artefacts in...Figure 17.11 Illustration of source propagation from the coherency spectrum ...Figure 17.12 Illustration of source propagation from the coherency spectrum ...Figure 17.13 A block diagram of the system proposed in [128] for classificat...Figure 17.14 The results of applying CSP to classify the cortical activity o...Figure 17.15 The electrodes highlighted in dark grey are those which are ove...Figure 17.16 A typical stimulus grid for the speller BCI.Figure 17.17 (a) The user operates the real‐time feedback loop to freely typ...Figure 17.18 The locations of the most popular neurotechnology products [157...

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Block diagram of an MRI scanner illustrating the components invo...Figure 18.2 Gamma functions with varying parameters: (a) c changes from 0.2 ...Figure 18.3 The absorption coefficient curves for oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyha...Figure 18.4 The concept of cortex fNIRS imaging.Figure 18.5 The mechanism of inherent link between EEG and fMRI. (Top) An in...Figure 18.6 fMRI time series for a voxel sample.Figure 18.7 A schematic presentation of a GLM model for a sample fMRI time s...Figure 18.8 Gradient artefact for a sample segments of EEG signal recorded s...Figure 18.9 A set of 13‐channel EEG data covering the entire head, after gra...Figure 18.10 (a) Comparison between ICA and ICA‐DHT for BCG removal from EEG...Figure 18.11 Results of artefact removal from CZ channel using ICA (second f...Figure 18.12 A cycle of a BCG artefact in a sample segment of EEG signal.Figure 18.13 Topographic maps illustrating mu rhythm after the artefact is r...Figure 18.14 Simulated fMRI including the sources and corresponding time cou...Figure 18.15 Computed SIR of source of interest for different methods.Figure 18.16 Auditory data analysis results obtained from KL I‐divergence me...Figure 18.17 Visual data analysis results obtained from KL I‐divergence meth...Figure 18.18 Detected BOLD (top) with its corresponding time course (bottom)...Figure 18.19 Schematic of different steps of model‐based EEG–fMRI analysis....Figure 18.20 EEG electrode and fNIRS optode positions for imaginary movement...Figure 18.21 Example of a typical ‘BOLD’ response recorded by fNIRS in a tas...Figure 18.22 (a) Experimental setup and task procedure. The participant perf...