Читать книгу Fieldwork Ready - Sara E. Vero - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Fig. 1.1 Researchers investigating a soil pit in Ireland.Fig. 1.2 Field research can take you to some breathtaking scenery.Fig. 1.3 The field is rarely as tidy and organised as the laboratory.Fig. 1.4 A pot study in a glasshouse can be highly controlled.Fig. 1.5 A plot study like this grass trial can be used to examine effects o...Fig. 1.6 Fieldwork is an opportunity to learn practical skills and apply les...Fig. 1.7 In addition to technical skills, fieldwork teaches communication, t...Fig. 1.8 A well designed field experiment allows effective data collection a...Fig. 1.9 Weather information is one category of supplementary data that can ...Fig. 1.10 Always clean and store equipment properly after using it. Don’t le...Fig. 1.11 Collaboration in the field is a great opportunity to learn new ski...Fig. 1.12 Sometimes additional help may be necessary. This team is working t...Fig. 1.13 You may need training in safety protocols. For example, the resear...

2 Chapter 2Fig. 2.1 Plot and row experiments at a crops research station.Fig. 2.2 Signs like these can be helpful in identifying which plots receive ...Fig. 2.3 Care should be taken when harvesting field trials to accurately rec...Fig. 2.4 Example of a field plot layout including four blocks, each with fiv...Fig. 2.5 (a) Guard rows in row crop trials. (b) Discard area and sampled are...Fig. 2.6 Researchers embarking on a survey in the mountains.Fig. 2.7 Soil surveys are just one form of field work used to develop and va...Fig. 2.8 The researchers in this photo are collecting soil, water and ecolog...Fig. 2.9 Equipment like this eddy covariance tower can be used to monitor at...Fig. 2.10 This phenocam at Konza Prairie, Kansas, provides automated recordi...Fig. 2.11 Monitoring infrastructure such as the weather station at this farm...Fig. 2.12 These researchers are soil sampling in Alaska. There are a variety...Fig. 2.13 Coloured flags are used here to mark where the researcher is ident...Fig. 2.14 GPS devices can be used to accurately identify sampling locations....Fig. 2.15 Field sampling patterns. (a) W‐pattern, typical for soil survey, (...Fig. 2.16 (a) Line transect record card. (b) Point transect record card.Fig. 2.17 The autosampler shown here uses a pump to extract water samples fr...

3 Chapter 3Fig. 3.1 Macro‐ to micro‐scale site factors and uses.Fig. 3.2 Consider the distance you will need to travel to reach your sites a...Fig. 3.3 Researchers in this photo lower the risks they encounter by wearing...Fig. 3.4 Specialist training is required for uniquely hazardous tasks and en...Fig. 3.5 Factors influencing the degree of risk associated with a hazard....Fig. 3.6 Generic hazard and risk assessment template. This should be edited ...Fig. 3.7 While investigating lake sediments this researcher is wearing a lif...Fig. 3.8 Personal protective equipment should be chosen based on the task an...Fig. 3.9 A head flashlight is a valuable piece of equipment as it leaves you...Fig. 3. 10 Although specialist equipment varies, it is helpful to keep some ...Fig. 3.11 Maps are essential for visualizing and understanding the fieldwork...Fig. 3.12 How to find coordinates on a map grid.Fig. 3.13 Sketch of a farm field site (note European date format).Fig. 3.14 Example plot diagram for a field trial. Fig. 3.15 This salamander is taking an interest in one wildlife researher’s ...Fig. 3.16 This researcher is taking careful notes using a pre‐formatted fiel...Fig. 3.17 A well‐maintained notebook is a good alternative to printed field ...Fig. 3.18 The buddy system in action: one reseacher is taking measurements w...Fig. 3.19 Simple soil profile description template. Note that national soil ...Fig. 3.20 Using a tape for scale.Fig. 3.21 Munsell charts or other color checkers can be used to identify and...Fig. 3.22 Check if your PPE is appropriately rated for the hazard in questio...Fig. 3.23 Hi‐vis clothing can help drivers or machinery operators to see you...Fig. 3.24 Keep your PPE clean and in good condition. Store appropriately aft...Fig. 3.25 If you are using boats, all terrain vehicles, snowmobiles or other...Fig. 3.26 All‐terrain‐vehicles can be helpful for accessing difficult to rea...Fig. 3.27 Vehicles can get stuck in snow……Fig. 3.28 or soft ground/mud. Fig. 3.29 This van has been expertly packed for a field trip. This will prev...Fig. 3.30 Heat index risk ranking (Occupational Health and Safety Administra...Fig. 3.31 This researcher is repairing irrigation equipment in humid conditi...Fig. 3.32 Risk of heat‐related disorders (https://www.weather.gov/safety/hea...

4 Chapter 4Fig. 4.1 Face to face meetings give team members the opportuity to discuss t...Fig. 4.2 My team investigating a soil pit! Fieldwork is a great opportunity ...Fig. 4.3 The buddy system can be used in the field for efficient data collec...Fig. 4.4 Data recording issues; (a) unrealistic values, (b) flat‐lined data ...Fig. 4.5 Your head is vulnerable to the cold and to sun. These researchers w...Fig. 4.6 Waders incorporate boots, waterproof trousers and a bib. They shoul...Fig. 4.7 Working in rivers requires specialist clothing such as waders. Chec...Fig. 4.8 Biting or stinging insects such as mosquitos can be extremely irrit...Fig. 4.9 Urine colour is an indicator of hydration status.Fig. 4.10 These researchers are dressed for a long day in the outdoors. Plan...Fig. 4.11 Not all fences will be clearly indicated like this one.Fig. 4.12 Be careful around electric fences. These can give you a nasty or e...Fig. 4.13 Fieldwork can be stressful. Don’t forget to take a moment to appre...Fig. 4.14 Liquid nitrogen is stored in double‐walled containers and maintain...Fig. 4.15 Bulk density sampling equipment including sampling rings (Ø 5 cm),...Fig. 4.16 The wildlife you may encounter on fieldwork varies depending on yo...Fig. 4.17 Domestic animals are responsible for a greater proportion of anima...Fig. 4.18 This gray rat snake is not venomous but be aware of potentially da...

5 Chapter 5Fig. 5.1 (a) Accurate and precise; all the arrows hit the bull’s eye, (b) pr...Fig. 5.2 Soil moisture hysteresis means that at a certain matric potential (...Fig. 5.3 There are many different approaches to environmental monitoring inc...Fig. 5.4 Setting up a data logger requires programming using software such a...Fig. 5.5 Multiplexers (shown above the datalogger) are used to increase the ...Fig. 5.6 A thin layer of solder can be applied to the exposed ends of wire. ...Fig. 5.7 Powering your equipment in the field can be challenging. If you are...Fig. 5.8 Solar panels, when correctly installed, can be used to power rechar...Fig. 5.9 Monitoring arrays include sensors, a datalogger and a power source....Fig. 5.10 A battery tester or multi‐meter is a useful piece of equipment for...Fig. 5.11 Thermistor (a – European symbol, b – US symbol) and thermocouple (...Fig. 5.12 Staff gauges like this allow height of water to be recorded, which...Fig. 5.13 An anemometer is used to measure wind speed.Fig. 5.14 Tipping bucket rain gauges have a small see‐saw mechanism which ti...Fig. 5.15 Preparing a rain gauge for deployment.Fig. 5.16 Snow can interfere with rain gauges. Take note if/when this happen...Fig. 5.17 Eddy covariance measurement is used to monitor atmospheric fluxes ...Fig. 5.18 This weather station includes a rain gauge, anemometer, temperatur...Fig. 5.19 This loggerbox is securely fastened to a steel post. It also safel...Fig. 5.20 This logger box protects the data‐logger and sensor wiring from ex...Fig. 5.21 Labelling the wires connecting to the datalogger can help if adjus...Fig. 5.22 Carefully record the depth, height or position at which you instal...Fig. 5.23 Covering wires and cables with PVC pipes, as shown here, can preve...Fig. 5.24 Downloading data in the field.

6 Chapter 6Fig. 6.1 This bulk density ring has a sharp edge that allows it to cut into ...Fig. 6.2 A colourful soil profile.Fig. 6.3 Cupcake tins are useful for separating soil samples from different ...Fig. 6.4 This soil from the A horizon shows friable structure and has been p...Fig. 6.5 Mottled colors such as those seen here indicate reduction of iron w...Fig. 6.6 Hand texturing can be used to determine soil textural class (see ...Fig. 6.7 Grey coloration indicates prolonged periods of saturation. This soi...Fig. 6.8 Form a ribbon with the damp soil using your thumb. How long can you...Fig. 6.9 Simple guide to identify soil texture by hand, adapted from Thien e...Fig. 6.10 Forming a high clay soil sample into a ball.Fig. 6.11 Take a handful of soil, moisten and knead. Record the feel: is it ...Fig. 6.12 Test for a smooth or gritty feeling.Fig. 6.13 Silty soil has a smooth, silky feel when damp.Fig. 6.14 Practice is the best way to become comfortable with hand texturing...Fig. 6.15 USDA soil textural triangle.Fig. 6.16 Examining the structure of the horizons.Fig. 6.17 Some colorful soils!Fig. 6.18 Munsell charts are used to identify the exact color of soil sample...Fig. 6.19 Augering involves twisting of driving a gouge or corkscrew sampler...Fig. 6.20 A gouge auger with a tapered cutting edge.Fig. 6.21 Mechancal corers use a motor to drive the sampler into the soil. T...Fig. 6.22 A soil core divided into sub‐sections for analysis.Fig. 6.23 Soil cores should be measured and can be subdivided into sections ...Fig. 6.24 PVC pipes can be used to store and transport soil cores for analys...Fig. 6.25 Suction is applied to soil pore water samplers using a pump or syr...Fig. 6.26 This researcher is preparing pore water samplers by applying a slu...

7 Chapter 7Fig. 7.1 This researcher is sampling lake water via an access hole drilled i...Fig. 7.2 Sampling watercourses may require access by boat. This should be co...Fig. 7.3 Accurately recording stream width and cross sectional area is impor...Fig. 7.4 A staff gauge is a measuring rod fixed to the river bank. This can ...Fig. 7.5 Flumes like these have a fixed cross‐sectional area which allows ac...Fig. 7.6 Multiparameter probes can also be lowered down monitoring wells to ...Fig. 7.7 When grab sampling, rinse the bottle with water from the watercours...Fig. 7.8 Multi‐parameter probes can be lowered deeper within the water‐colum...Fig. 7.9 Extendable poles (‘dippers’) can be used to collect a sample from d...Fig. 7.10 Water samples should be stored in cool‐boxes or on ice. This resea...Fig. 7.11 An autosampler consists of a pump, datalogger and sampling bottles...Fig. 7.12 Autosamplers should be installed at uniform cross‐sections. Where ...Fig. 7.13 This open channel velocimeter sits on the streambed and measures f...Fig. 7.14 These researchers are using augers to sample submerged soil/sedime...Fig. 7.15 Sediment in deeper river or lake beds can be sampled using a varie...Fig. 7.16 Sediment cores can be several metres long, depending on the nature...Fig. 7.17 This sediment core has been extracted from the lake bed and is bei...Fig. 7.18 In this photo rubber bungs have been used to seal the core and pre...Fig. 7.19 Like soil cores, sediment cores should be measured and sectioned d...Fig. 7.20 This pontoon has been adapted to include solar panels for charging...Fig. 7.21 The buddy system in action ‐ researchers collecting sediment sampl...Fig. 7.22 Time‐integrated sediment sampler diagram.Fig. 7.23 This monitoring well has a steel casing above the ground to protec...Fig. 7.24 Drilling a well. Fig. 7.25 This cross‐section shows a well piezometer used to intercept the w...Fig. 7.26 Water standing in the borehole should be purged before taking a gr...Fig. 7.27 When sampling groundwater ensure a steady, non‐turbulent flow. The...

8 Chapter 8Fig. 8.1 Randomization using Microsoft Excel. (a) List your plots/blocks in ...Fig. 8.2 Grass plots prior to harvesting.Fig. 8.3 Layout of plots using the 5‐4‐3 method.Fig. 8.4 Preparing to apply cattle slurry to grass plots using watering cans...Fig. 8.5 Applying cattle slurry to grass plots. Multiple passes are made to ...Fig. 8.6 Granular fertilizer can be applied to small plots by hand. Use smal...Fig. 8.7 Application of liquid treatment using an applicator wand. The heigh...Fig. 8.8 Growth stages of wheat.Fig. 8.9 Growth stages of corn.Fig. 10 Growth stages of perennial forage grasses.Fig. 11 Growth stages of soybeans.Fig. 8.12 Harvested samples can be assessed for species composition, mass, d...Fig. 8.13 This researcher is using a quadrat which has been subdivided into ...Fig. 8.14 Handheld canopy analysis devices can non-destructively measure pla...Fig. 8.15 These researchers are taking measurements and identifying plant co...Fig. 8.16 These grass plots have been harvested and surplus vegetation remov...Fig. 8.17 Rising plate meters can be used to provide a non‐destructive measu...Fig. 8.18 Calculating hillslope and tree height using a clinometer. Fig. 8.19 Tree diameter should be measured at 4.5 feet above ground level. K...Fig. 8.20 Herbage samples should be bagged, labeled and weighed as soon as p...Fig. 8.21 You should choose mowing or harvesting equipment based on the dime...Fig. 8.22 These researchers are collecting herbage from the harvester and su...

9 Chapter 9Fig. 9.1 Always consider the safety and welfare of any animals which could b...Fig. 9.2 Take care when handling, measuring and releasing wildlife. You shou...Fig. 9.3 These researchers are carefully taking measurements of various spec...Fig. 9.4 These researchers are using a Fyke net to trap fish. Methodologies ...Fig. 9.5 Handheld GPS devices like these have many applications in field res...Fig. 9.6 Trail cameras like this one can be used in many different locations...Fig. 9.7 Camera trapping is used in an enormous variety of settings and with...Fig. 9.8 Trail cameras can be secured to trees, tripods or other secure loca...