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This chapter discussed the main non‐neural tissue types that comprise the musculoskeletal system. Tables 3.1–3.5 summarize each tissue type in detail under normal uninjured conditions, Table 3.7 summarizes joints by their main function versus arthrokinematics, while Table 3.8 provides a general summary overview. Differences in these tissues characteristics after injury are discussed in Chapter 11, and their interaction with the nervous system is discussed in Chapter 4.

Table 3.8 Summary of Non‐Neural Tissues of the Musculoskeletal System

Tissue	Description	Main functions
Loose connective tissuesAdiposeAreolarReticular	Fibers are loosely woven with many cells, all embedded in a semifluid ground substance.	Provides cushioning, support, elasticity, and immune functions
Dense connective tissues ‐IrregularDermis of skinDeep fasciaPeriosteumPerichondrium ‐ RegularTendonCartilageBone	Characterized by regularly or irregularly arranged collagen fibers, and low intercellular substance. Primary cells are fibroblasts or fibroblast like cells in dense irregular connective tissues. Primary cells in tendons are tenocytes, chondrocytes in cartilage, and a number of cells including osteoblast and osteoclasts in bone.	Tendon: Transfer of tensile forces created by muscles onto bone; absorbs sudden shocks to limit muscle damage.Cartilage: Hyaline: Protection of bony surfaces, especially at points of movement; Fibrocartilage: Strength and rigidity, joint support and fusion; Elastic cartilage: Resilience and pliabilityBone: Strength, stability; lever at points of attachment; storage of minerals, lipids and nutrients; blood cell formation
Skeletal muscle	Contains contractile cells (myocytes) arranged in multinucleated striated long fibers (myofibers).	Contraction and then movement of the endoskeleton to which the muscle is attached
Ligaments	Dense regularly connective tissue with many collagenous fibers arranged into bundles; small number of fibroblastic‐like cells	Support and strength to joints