Читать книгу Russia the formation of the state in the 9th century Veneds and the severjans (northerners), part of the Huns, which became the basis of a new community - Сергей Соловьёв - Страница 34

Venets-Wends-Wends, according to Olaf Dalin, formerly called Huns

The earliest mention of the Vends is in Homer. called the Aeneians or Aeneans, and their lord, the king of the city of Cephas in Thessaly is called Hunei, and here we see the Huns-Huns of antiquity.

But from Kifa Guney with twenty and two ships

He sailed, leading the Aenians and the warlike, strong Perrebians,

A tribe of men who settled around Dodona cold,

The lands of those who plowed, on whom the merry Titaresus makes noise,

Quickly in Penei rushing magnificently rolling waters,

Which he does not merge anywhere with the Penei of silver,

Homer. Iliad II 748

That is, Homer indicates where the Huns-Gants lived in a time close to him – in Thessaly, where it was possible to engage in horse breeding, and the Eneta-Venets are immediately mentioned, and next to the Huns, which will be important in the future.

And they, as part of the Huns-Hans, came to Asia Minor and Hellas at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC.

The earliest news of the Roman writers about the Wends date back to the end of the 1st-2nd centuries. n. e. and belong to the Roman writers – Pliny the Elder, Publius Cornelius Tacitus and Ptolemy Claudius, although Herodotus apparently mentioned the Wends in the 5th century. BC BC, when he wrote that amber was brought from the Eridani River from the Enets (Venets), Quintus Curtius Rufus also wrote about them in his book about the campaign of Alexander the Great, and says that they lived in Asia Minor..

According to Pliny (I century, the Wends lived on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea east of Vistula. Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela tell the story of the proconsul of Gaul Quintus Metellus Celer about how a storm nailed a ship with merchants of the Wind people (Venets) to the northern coast of Germany. For half a century, Tacitus places the Wends in the area between the Vistula River (Vistula) and the Aestia (Zsty). Tacitus hesitated in his judgment: whether to classify them as Germans or Sarmatians. Based on the fact that they “put houses”, “use shields” and “willingly move on foot”, he nevertheless considered them different from the Sarmatians,’ who live in a cart and on horseback. ‘On the Peitinger map, edited from the 1st century AD to the 5th century AD, the Wends are localized in two places, the first time (as Venadi) from the north of the Carpathians, the second (as Venedi) in the lower reaches of the Danube (in the region of the Ipotesti-Kindesh culture).

The Gothic historian Jordan, in his story “On the origin and deeds of the Getae (Getik)” (551), described the places of residence of the Veneti

“… At their left slope [the Carpathians], descending to the north, starting from the birthplace of the Vistula River, a populous tribe of Venets is located in immense spaces. Although their names now change according to different clans and localities, they are still predominantly called Sklavens and Antes. Sklavens live from the city of Novietaunai Lake, called Mursian Lake, to Dunastr [Dniester], and to the north – to Viskla [Vistula], instead of cities they have swamps and forests. The Antes, the strongest of both [tribes], spread from Danastr to Danapr [Dnieper], where the Pontic [Black] Sea forms a bend; these rivers are removed from one another at a distance of many crossings”

In the same place, at Jordan, it is mentioned that during the time of the Ostrogoth [Ostrogothic] king Germanarich (died in 375 or 376 AD), the Wends tribe was subject to him along with other Proto-Slavic tribes:

“These [Venets], as we have already told at the beginning of our exposition, – precisely when listing the tribes, – come from one root and are now known under three names: Venets, Antes, Sklavens. Although now, due to our sins, they rage everywhere, but then they all submitted to the authority of Germanarich.”

Some authors of the 19th century (for example, the Slavophile A.S. Khomyakov), referring, among other things, to the chronicler of the 12th century Helmold, who in his Slavic Chronicle writes: “Where Polonius ends, we come to the vast country of those Slavs who antiquities are called vandals, but now they are called vinits, or vines.”

Meanwhile, these three peoples occupied a single territory in the center of Europe and could be related to each other. Adriatic Veneti as early as the 2nd millennium BC. were connected with the southern Baltic region by the amber route. The Old Russian Chronicle The Tale of Bygone Years and medieval Lithuanian legends about Palemon connect the origin of their peoples with the Norik region, where the Illyrian Veneti lived:

“… After the division of the peoples, the sons of Shem took the eastern countries, and the sons of Ham took the southern countries, the Japheths took the west and northern countries. From the same 70 and 2, the Slavic people also originated, from the Japheth tribe – the so-called Noriks, which are the essence of the Slavs”. The legend about the formation of the Czech people, described in the book of Prokop Sloboda, also agrees with this: but not to everyone, as once from this Krapino area, according to the reckoning of Peter Codicilus and many others, in 278, a very noble nobleman Cech left with his brothers Lech and Russ, as well as with all his friends and family, due to the fact that they could no longer endure the great attacks and oppressions that the Romans did to them, and especially the commander of the Roman troops Aurelius, who guarded Illyria with an armed hand and so oppressed his family that Cech and his own revolted against him and brought him out of the living. And as a result, fearing the mighty hand of the Romans, he left Krapina, his fatherland. For 14 years he served with Salmanin, with the son of Tsirzipan, then the ruler and future leader of the Bohemian people …”

The content of this legend is fully consistent with the Roman chronicles, which tell of the uprising of Marcus Aurelius Caras in Noric and Retia in 282, as a result of which the rebels killed the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Probes and the power passed to Kara. Indeed, the historian Jordan, in his work “On the Origin and Deeds of the Getae,” pointed out the identity between the Wends, Antes and Sklavins. In addition to Jordan, Latin writers of the 7th-8th centuries also identified the Wends with the Slavs: in the chronicle of Fredegar (7th century), the Wends (Winedos) are mentioned more than once in connection with the Slavs (Sclavos) in connection with the events of 623: