Читать книгу Crete-Mycenaean culture and religion as part of the Indo-European culture of the Bronze Age of Eurasia - Сергей Соловьёв - Страница 8

Described by Homer in the immortal «Iliad» exploits of ancient Greek heroes, were exploits of soldiers fighting in chariots. As considered by different scientists, the war took place between 1280 and 1180. BC (Eratosthenes-1180 BC, Michael Wood 1280 BC, Carl Blegan-middle of the 13th century BC). Combat chariots, and the ability to fight them, were brought by the Indo-Europeans to Greece in the early 16th century. BC. According to William Taylor, Indo-European tribes came to Greece from the Eurasian steppes through Iran and Asia Minor, and not through the Danube. What cultures can be associated with Mycenaean culture and the culture of Troy Priam? This is a culture that has been called the Abashev culture, which passed to Sintashtskaya and gave birth to Pozdnyakovskaya and

Coban Cultures. This can be seen with all the evidence and from the materials of many sign findings, which determine cultural, and obviously, religious affinity.

pic.25 Lobular rings, Arkaim

pic.26 Pendant with two spirals, Mycenae

Lobular ring from Troy Pushkin Museum.

pic.28. Wooden ladle, Ural, 18th century BC.

pic.29 Crystal cup from Mycenae, 16th century BC.

These are pendants with a double spiral, lobed temporal rings, vessels with a meander, vessels in the form of a goose-swan. And, most importantly, the similarity of the device of the steppe Eurasian sintashta-type chariot and Achaean, known from the images. In the same way, a similar burial rite is related to these cultures, especially the discovery of the underground tolos, roughly dated 2200 BC. About 2200, Indo-Europeans from the area of the Abashevskaya and Poltavkino cultures begin to move to the southern Urals and build settlements there

with fortifications, which can already be called cities. In total, the researchers found more than 20 fortresses built in the steppe part of Eurasia between the rivers Ural in the west and Tobol in the east. This culture was called Sintashtinskaya by the name of the first of the fortresses investigated by archaeologists. Sintashta, discovered and excavated in 1972—1987, was built as a round fortress with a circumference of 140 m, behind a fortified wall in which there were more than 50 houses, and in all managed to find traces of metal processing. It turns out that Sintashta was built as a fortified settlement erected for the safe processing of metal. Five funerary complexes were found behind the outline of the settlement, which were accompanied by sacrifices of entire horses (up to eight in one grave), axes and daggers of copper and bronze and stone maces. An exceptional case of finding on the necropolis of Sintashty burial without a grave pit, i.e. on the surface of the Earth and with the construction above the dead clay dome-tolos. There were burials of three types-cremation (rare), inhumation, and burial in tolons (so far one has been found). It can be argued that the Indo-Europeans at that time already had a caste system in their embryonic form, with a division of duties and honors within the people. This is obvious, chariot fighters, who have continuously fought, priests and ordinary members of the community. The leader, usually was also a priest. (An analogue in ancient Greece was-in Athens archon-basileus performed priestly functions). Tholos, apparently, was the burial place of the king-priest.

pic.30 chariot Sintashta.

pic.31 Reconstruction of the Sintashta tolos.

pic.32 Samples of material culture of Sintashta.

From their Urals-Tobolsk ancestral home, the chariots spread not only to the south, but also to the west and east. In the 16th century BC. the pragrean tribes (Achaeans) come to Greece. The importance of the importance of chariots for the Mycenaean state is evidenced by the stelae that were erected over the graves of soldiers, apparently charioteers. Although many researchers insist that the catacomb burials in Mycenae circles A and B are royal graves, this can be disagreed, at least not completely. The presence in Sintashta of Tolos speaks about the tradition of their erection, relating the date of construction to 2200 years. BC, and it turns out that the Mycenaean tolos can be much older. The later Greek tradition of burial in tolos speaks of the royal prerogative for this type of grave (Panticapaeum, an underground tolos in Macedonia). Of the six steles, burials of the 16th century BC. on which it is possible to disassemble and explore the depicted, five reliefs with the participation of chariot fighters. And if we extrapolate the social structure of Sintashta to the Achaean society, then the graves of the grave circles A and B in Mycenae do not belong to the kings, namely the chosen soldiers, and this explains the group nature of the graves in one grave, which apparently died simultaneously. And kings, or rather, kings priests were buried in the tolos, or in mountain tombs, as in Crete.

pic.33 Chariot from Tiryns. 13th century BC.

Pic.34 Chariot on a stele from Mycenae 16th century BC.

Chariots are repeatedly represented in other works of Mycenaean art (frescoes, portraits on rings) The most charitable representatives, caste of chariot fighters, possessed the war chariot in Greece. They fought with chariots both with a bow, and with the help of a spear, which required direct contact with the enemy. The main mass of troops consisted of infantry, supporting and helping in battle charioteer. The battle in this period was of an individual character, and resembled the later battles of knights in the Middle Ages. The Achaian kingdoms were formed by the conquest and conquest of the local population, and this undoubtedly left a mark on the social structure of these systems. And in Mycenaean Greece, like India, caste-warriors, priests, and commoners were formed. It also happened in Sparta, much later, where the Spartans were a caste of warriors. After all, at a later time in Hellas, free citizens did not pay taxes, and in the pylon tablets there is evidence of taxation of the population. Such a state mechanism could contain an army, giving it weapons, food, providing land and all this keeping the troops under constant control, and the conquered people-in submission n this period (XV – XIII centuries.) Charioteers, as in the East, were a privileged social stratum. Chariots received from the imperial arsenals the most expensive elements of their weapons – armor, they were given out of stables by horses, and from storage – by chariots. Personal weapons chariot fighters probably had their own. How did the famous Greek heroes from the «Iliad» of Homer fight?

Homer himself believed that they dismounted before the battle, or fought with a throwing dart weapon and fired arrows from bows. It is clear that no one saw the true picture of the battle, or, rather, did not believe in ancient stories. «Quickly the heroes of the chariot with weapons spun on the ground, sharp spears hesitating, circled around the militia, the Spirit whipping into battle, and he rebelled a terrible scourge.» The Trojans turned to the battle and faced the Argives. «Still, the fight was conducted by chariot fighters with shock long spears, in the manner of medieval knights.The chariot structure was at great intervals, linear, deep in one wagon for possible maneuver.The purpose of the attack was to shoot down the enemy chariot of the fighter, with the spear must break, otherwise the impulse would throw the attacker out of the chariot. fighters attack a cart of enemy infantry, the maneuver becomes more difficult. The chariot was to attack the infantry not in the forehead, in front, and at an acute angle, that is, the driver of the rules along the enemy building, and the soldier with a heavy spear smashed the infantrymen. If the chariot fighter used the ramming blow, the spear broke, and the warrior used a spare.

Horses, unlike fighting elephants, can not push the infantry. Therefore, the chariots can not and could not break through the infantry system, they only inflicted huge damage on the infantry, remaining invulnerable. Also later, the klibanarii acted against the infantry at a later time, drove up to the ranks, inflicted a terrible blow with a spear, and drove away, remaining invulnerable. And the rider’s spear must have broken, otherwise he could fly out of the saddle. Attacking the infantry of the chariot during the battle made a maneuver in the form of eight-time after time calling in an attack on the infantry and making a maneuver of evasion. Sold the infantry from the death of their own chariots, calling the enemy on the flank, and not letting them maneuver. The duty of the infantry was to support the battle chariots, covering the heavily armed, saving the wounded, to provide the chariots with weapons. About the true name of Achilles-Pierre (and Neoptolemus too, and the whole dynasty of the kings of Epirus). Translation literal – fire. Here is the logical series-the Pyrr-chariot fighter, the Taurin-Persian heavy cavalry warrior (supposedly from the word furnace, but the more preferable concept in the sense of how hot and hot), the Klibanarii-also translate as what is happening from the iron stove, and again in meaning ardent, hot. Not the object itself is important, but the property of the object. The name of the warrior stove would be strange… Later, the word Varyag – from the word «var», cook, create, again meaning meaning ardent, hot. This is a completely clear, understandable and logical property of the warrior, to be passionate and energetic. Perhaps hypothetically, in ancient times the chariot fighters in Greece were called the Pyrrhus (like klibanarii, Varangians, taurins). Rather, it was one of the names. Another is the well-known Mirmidonians. And this conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon in the Iliad was a kind of rebellion of the chosen warriors-Agamemnon broke promises, took away the booty, the Pyrrhus (chariot fighters) refused to fight. Pirrih-military Greek dance, as a system of training warriors known before the 7th century AD… But the warriors in Greece were called hoplites (from the shield), stratiotes. But-never-feast. That is, the category of these fighters is a thing of the past long ago. And the Pyrrhus were not just fighters, but super-armed, like the klibanarii and Persian taurins, live tanks. And just as interesting is this one, which seems to be a strange conflict, with a whole army in the person of Agamemnon. Usually, such a conflict ends not in favor of a single person. Another thing, a large, very representative group, all the chariot fighters, the Pyrrhus. Just an interesting reference to the «Little Iliad» -with the passionate desire of the Achaeans awaiting the arrival of the son of Achilles (whose name was also Perr). What is strange, nowhere, in the Iliad there is no identical name for the heroes and their sons. This is more the expectation of the necessary reinforcement of charioteers than expectation, sorry, one youngster. And then Pyrrhus (Neoptolem-the translation of the name-a new warrior) took the richest, and the wife of Hector, Andromache (translated-fighting), and swam home without incident. And for the rest, forgive the heroes, everything was not thankful to God. It would seem that the young man is at all, and everything works out, and all the Achaean kings did not reach home properly. The Myrmidons, who were part of the Achilles army, were chariot fighters, leading the chariots into battle and bound by the oath of fidelity to life and death. Written sources of the kingdom of Mitanni call his military aristocracy the word maryannu (that is, chariot warriors), which is a combination of the Hurri suffix of the plural and the Indo-Aryan word meaning «young warrior» (Sanskrit marya is most likely a doomed to an early death). It is believed that the name of the Myrmidons came from the Myrmics, ants. This is where the most interesting things begin, and the myrmics, and the ants, from the name, come from the grave hill, the mound. The ant pile seemed like a grave hill. The root «mrt», «mr» in Indo-European languages means dying, mara-mara-death. Μυρμῐδόνες δόνες-gift, to lend, Μυρα-end, ending, death, μῐ-, μα- oath, μνῆμα-sacred grave, grave mound. That is the translation «sworn to give a life in debt.» Not death as service, but death in exchange for honors. Let us recall this in Homer: «When you gave birth to me in short, Glory should not have been awarded to me by the high-hearted Zeus Egioch? But he did not honor me anyway… The mighty king, Agamemnon, dishonored me: He kidnapped feudal awards and dominates it! «All Achaean heroes, and Hercules, and Achilles, and Ajax, were chariot fighters. The process of preparation began from childhood, about this there were stories about the childhood of Achilles and Hercules. Achilles was given up in training to Chiron. He was even taught medicine. And the main thing was not in this. By behavioral reflexes and actions, it is obvious that they received stimulants, for all symptoms, apparently on the basis of ephedrine or methamphetamine. In the «Rigveda» the gods constantly drink ham or soma. That is, the custom of using psychostimulants is the oldest. Epinephal distachya is found in the south of the European part of Russia and in the steppes of Western Siberia. Here, this stimulant was obtained from him. This tool gave the fighter a very quick reaction, tirelessness, strength. But this remedy has side effects, hallucinations, disorders of consciousness. During such attacks, Hercules killed his children and burned them, taking them for demons. During the darkening of consciousness, he killed his brother Iphicles, nearly killed the hero of Telamon. Probably, part of the news of his exploits is due to his horrendous visions. Incidentally, it was after this murder that he was forced to commit 12 of his exploits, according to myths. Ajax, after the funeral games, took a herd of sheep for the Trojans, and interrupted them, then from shame rushed to the sword. So it’s not accidental, but the pattern of the side effects of the stimulator.

The choice was in the childhood of Achilles, to live a little, and to die with honor, or to live long, but in obscurity. Thus, the desire to become a chariot fighter, to be doomed to a short but full of fame and exploits, the Achaeans did voluntarily and consciously. True, the fate of an elite soldier, a representative of the caste of soldiers, was predetermined. Death overtook them early and with inevitability. Or the warrior perished on the battlefield, or was he too late to go crazy. In the case of Ajax and Hercules, alcohol played the role of trigger reaction. But the advantages, obviously, outweighed the cons. The fighters were aware of the brevity of their being and agreed to this, all the more it was necessary, and besides, the reward was very weighty. Managing a madly racing chariot, the fighter had to be able to make very fast decisions and have the rare power to fight under the weight of heavy armor. When the cavalry replaced the battle chariot, the tactics of fighting changed, the need for stimulants disappeared.