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Andronovo culture (cultural-historical community) – the general name of a group of close archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age, covering in the XVII – IX centuries BC. e. Kazakhstan, Western Siberia, the western part of Central Asia, the South Urals, as well as Northwest China, Gansu province (article Bechter A.V., Khavrin S.V. Steppe bronzes from Gansu and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China and problems east line synchronization). People of this culture were called, already Huns or Hans, from a totem or a farna, a sacred animal, a gesya-swan. And from here came the name of the Gansi province. Here it is also necessary to recall the discovery of the Tarim mummies belonging to the Andronovo culture, according to the monuments of ceramics. A Swedish archaeologist excavated in 1939. there are almost a dozen mummies and about 200 artifacts. Bergman left a detailed description of his findings in a work entitled “Archaeological Researches in Sinkiang Especially the Lop-nor Region”. By the early 1990s, more than a thousand Nordic mummies had already been discovered in the Chinese province of Wapu, but in 1998 the Chinese government banned further excavations, apparently because of fears that even more striking evidence would be extracted the presence of Caucasians in ancient China. So the researchers in 1980 deep under the “sea of death” found the mummy of a beautiful girl, nicknamed the sleeping beauty Lulan. According to scientists, the remains of 3800 years. One of the famous Tocharian mummies, known as the “beautiful Loulan” and reconstruction. It belongs to a young Caucasian woman (high height 180 cm and strands of blond hair) and was found in 1980 in the vicinity of Loulan. Approximate age 3800 years. And what’s important, the extremely high growth of the dead men is 200cm tall, women 180cm tall.

In China, obviously, people of Andronovo culture founded the state of Shang-Yin, here are very interesting preliers in the manufacture of bronze cauldrons of shan-yin and later Sarmatians and Huns. Another interesting find of the Sejm-Turbino era is the scraper knife, in which the handle is parallel to the blade, that is, the blade is inserted into the bone handle with a side edge. The knife was discovered at the Weijiatai Monument, Linxia County, Gansu Province (Tian Souther, 1983, p. 76, Debaine-Francfort 1995, fig. 49.8) The name of the whole culture comes from the village of Andronovo near the city of Achinsk, where in August 1914 A. Ya. Tugarinov discovered the first burial place.

The formation and formation of the Andronovo cultural and historical community took place over several centuries, starting from the turn of the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC. e. Andronovo culture as a single community took shape on the territory of Kazakhstan in the 16th – 15th centuries. BC e.

Within this unity, Alakul and Fedorov cultures are formed. Alakulskaya spread in Central and Western Kazakhstan, and Fedorovskaya – in the territory of East Kazakhstan. In Central Kazakhstan and in Semirechye, signs of both cultures are found simultaneously. Subsequently, tribes from Kazakhstan migrated east and south, up to Iran. M.P. Gryaznov singled out the materials of the burial grounds he studied in the river basin. The Urals is the western version of the Andronovo culture which dated to the XIV – XI centuries. BC e. Andronovo culture was highlighted by the Soviet archaeologist S. A. Teploukhov in 1927. Research was also carried out by archaeologist K.V. Salnikov, who in 1948 proposed the first classification of monuments of Andronovo culture. He distinguished three chronological stages: Fedorovsky, Alakulsky and Zamaraevsky.

Seima-Turbino culture, State Historical Museum

Currently, at least four related cultures are distinguished in the Andronovo culture:

Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim (Southern Urals, northern Kazakhstan, 2200—1600 BC,

– This is the fortification of Sintasht in the Chelyabinsk region, dating from 1800 BC. e.,

– Settlement Arkaim, also in the Chelyabinsk region, dating from 1700 BC. e.;

– Alakul (2100—1400 BC), in the area between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, the Kyzylkum desert;

– Alekseevka (1300—1100 BC) in eastern Kazakhstan, the influence of Namazg-Tepe VI in Turkmenistan

– Ingalskaya valley in the south of the Tyumen region, in which the monuments of Alakul, Fedorov and Sargat cultures successively replace each other

– Fyodorovo (1500—1300 BC) in southern Siberia (cremation and the cult of fire were first encountered);

– Beshkent district – Vakhsh (Tajikistan), 1000—800 BC. e. The spread of Andronovo culture was uneven. In the west, it reached the region of the Urals and the Volga, where it was in contact with the carcass culture. In the east, Andronov’s culture spread to the Minusinsk depression, partially including the territory of the early Afanasyev culture. In the south, separate material monuments were discovered in the area of the mountain systems of Kopetdag (Turkmenistan), Pamir (Tajikistan) and the Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan), in the area of settlement of Dravidian-speaking tribes. Considering the problems of the history of Andronovo cultural unity in metal products, N.A. Avanesova proposed the following periodization scheme: 1) the pre-Lakul stage (XVII – XVI centuries BC); 2) Andronovo culture (XVI – XII centuries BC);

– Alakul stage (XV – XIV centuries BC);

– Kozhumberdinsky stage (XIV century. BC);

– Fedorovsky stage (XIV – XIII centuries. BC);

– Zamaraevo-Begazinskaya culture (XII – IX centuries. BC. E.) (1979, p. 20—21).

In the late 70’s. OH. Margulan, without changing the sequence of genetic continuity in the development of the tribes of Central Kazakhstan, proposed a new chronological framework for the stages, extending the Nurin stage (synchronous to Fedorov) from the end of III to the beginning of II millennium BC. e., almost 5 centuries; Atasu (synchronous to Alakul) until the 18th century BC e., i.e. for 4 centuries, and the transition period to the Late Bronze Age to the XIII century. BC e., i.e. for one century, leaving the dating of the Begazy-Dandybaev culture as early as the 10th-8th centuries unchanged. BC e.

The northern border of the spread of Andronovo culture coincides with the border of the taiga. In the Volga basin, a noticeable influence of the logging culture is felt. Pottery of the Fedorovo type was discovered in the Volgograd region. The issues of chronology and cultural affiliation of the late bronze monuments of Northern Kazakhstan were developed by S. Ya. Zdanovich, who singled out the Sargarine culture of the final stage of the Bronze Age, dating it to the X – VIII or even IX – VIII centuries. BC e.

Sintashta, bracelet with volute.

In the Siberian steppes, a common economic and cultural type of shepherds and pastoralists and farmers developed for all Andronovites; Andronovtsy settled down in long-term semi-dugouts. Their villages were located in river valleys rich in pastures and fertile land suitable for agriculture. The herd was dominated by cattle, sheep, horses. Andronovites became the first riders in the Asian steppes. Cattle were kept on pastures for most of the year under the supervision of shepherds, and in winter – in special pens. Cereals were cultivated on lungs to cultivate floodplain lands. The soil was manually cultivated with stone and bronze hoes. Hunting and fishing were not of great importance in economic life. They lived poorly, settled in large families in dugouts, located quite far from each other; many times they created settlements, but chaotic, spontaneous, without a clear plan. Settlements in the form of 10 to 20 large dwellings.

Chariot on the blackened vessel, SHM

The dwellings were semi-dugouts and ground log cabins. Some settlements (for example, settlements in the Petrovka and Bogolyubovo regions) were surrounded by moats and ramparts, the land for which was taken during a fragment of the moat. A wooden picket fence was built on top of the shafts. For passage inside, jumpers were left in the ditch, and gates were arranged in the shaft for the passage of chariots.

Andronovtsy were tribes of metallurgists. They owned copper and tin mines and delivered metal far to the west. Their casters provided a wide production of tools (sickles, axes, Celts) and weapons (daggers, bushings, spears with a leaf-shaped pen), including outside the Andronovo range. Copper ore deposits were developed in Kazakhstan, as well as in the Altai Mountains. Burials were made in pits with stone embankments, sometimes surrounded by fences made of stone slabs. Burials using wooden cladding are encountered. The dead were laid in a crouched position, hands were laid in front of the face. In the burials find flint arrowheads, bronze tools and weapons, jewelry, ceramics. The deceased was sometimes burned. Vessels with a flat bottom were decorated at the top and at the very bottom with impressions of a thin comb stamp or carved lines, often in the form of a variety of geometric shapes – meanders, triangles, crosses, swastikas and meanders. Of the ornaments, again, spiral bracelets, temporal lobed rings, open bracelets with a volute, figure below.

Weapons, decorations

The horse was a consuming and important character among the ornaments characteristic of bronze combat knives. A stocky horse with a thick mane, a large head and sensitively guarded ears froze on the top of a crooked knife. The short man gripped the reins tightly and glides on widely spaced skis. This, already famous, sculptural group from the Rostovka burial ground points to one of the oldest ways to move a person in tow after a fast-jumping animal.

Figurine, man rides a horse on skis

Genetic studies of Andronov’s remains showed that the culture representatives had the Y chromosome haplogroup R1a1, R1b M73, Q1a and the Y chromosome haplogroup C (prd M48) and mitochondrial haplogroups U, Z, T, H, K, and HV. In one study of 2015, the Y chromosome haplogroup R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 and mitochondrial haplogroups U2 were found, in another study of 2015, a mitochondrial haplogroup A10 * was found in a representative of the Fedorov culture (Tartas-1). The closest to Andronovites were representatives of the European culture of cord ceramics and Sintashta culture, as well as modern Indian populations, according to a study by Keyser C. et al. “Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people.”

What did all these peoples call themselves? I would venture to suggest that the Huns or Ghans, or rather, the Hans, and this is confirmed by the myth of Hannimed of Asia Minor. King Guney of Thessaly, as well as the names of the barrows in Russia and Germany, and in Russia, this literally means “KUR-GAN” – “possession of the Gans”, hens – possession, the cossack’s hens, and the name of the city of Kursk. And in Germany there are also such “Hünegrab” – “grave of the hun (giant)” and “Hünebett” – “the bed of the hun (giant)”. In Dutch also – Hunebed – a giant’s bed. It is very likely that it was at this time, and these peoples. Judging by the legends of the Narts and the legends of the Egyptians, the Huns-Hans were mysterious Hyksos-shepherd kings, because the cities founded by these tribes in the Nile Delta were given names in honor of the distant ancestral home – Tanais (Tanis) and Avaris, and here on the historical stage go Avars Avars, who became the ancestors of the current Avars.