Читать книгу Vaccines For Dummies - Sharon Perkins - Страница 8

Vaccinations provide a valuable tool. You can give your immune system a heads-up about infections before you ever see them. You can stop diseases before you ever get sick by giving your immune system a cheat sheet on what to look for. Unlike medications that reduce the symptoms once the illness has begun, vaccines can stop infections before they ever happen. Childhood — and adulthood — have become a lot safer in the process.

Vaccines give your immune system a superpower. Through vaccines, your immune system learns how to stop bad guys it’s never seen before. These bad guys cause infectious diseases. They’re the pathogens, also called germs, which are so tiny that we can see them only with a microscope. These pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Chapter 2 describes different viruses and the vaccines that combat them, while bacteria and their vaccines are discussed in Chapter 4.

Vaccines provide you with personal protection against these pathogens and the diseases they cause, but what works even better is if everyone is vaccinated. The superpower of a vaccine increases as more people jump on the bandwagon. With infectious diseases, we’re all in this together. If everyone is vaccinated, a pathogen spreading person to person is stymied.

Vaccines may not provide 100 percent protection. Some people may not be able to take or benefit from a vaccine; they may be too young or have a weakened immune system. But if enough of us are vaccinated, odds are the pathogen just can’t spread. It can’t jump from person to person. It may infect one person and maybe another, but if most people are vaccinated, it won’t keep finding new people to spread to and will fade away.

This is what herd immunity is all about — when enough people are vaccinated, we can push back the spread of some terrible and deadly diseases. Chapter 11 details the benefits of herd immunity and debunks the myths often perpetuated about vaccines. Diseases can bounce back if fewer people are vaccinated.

We can save many lives if we had more vaccines. Scientific challenges and the lack of funding and motivation have kept some vaccines from being developed. (See Chapter 13 for more information.) New diseases yet to emerge will need vaccines, as we have seen as COVID-19 has spread around the world. (See Chapter 3 for info on COVID-19 and the vaccine.)

It may not seem so exciting now, but we have had reliable and effective vaccines only since the end of the 1700s. At that time, it was found that one mild virus, cowpox, can train our immune system to protect us from a terrible virus, smallpox. (If vaccine history interests you, check out Chapter 12, which discusses the people instrumental in creating a number of vaccines. Chapter 14 describes major pandemics throughout history.)

Many vaccines work on the same principle as this first vaccine did: Show the immune system something harmless but similar to what causes the disease, and the immune system will learn to protect us against the dangerous one too. However, scientists continue working on vaccines to develop new, possibly more effective approaches to train our immune system. Different pathogens require different sorts of vaccines, and for some diseases, vaccines still elude us.

We do have vaccines for a wide range of infections, though. Vaccines can prevent some types of liver disease (hepatitis A and B) and some types of cancer (human papillomavirus). We also have vaccines for adults, such as for pneumonias and shingles, diseases we’re more prone to as we get older. But we still don’t have vaccines for the infections that year after year take the most lives. We don’t have an HIV vaccine, and we need better vaccines for tuberculosis and malaria. We also don’t have a vaccine for the common cold, which would be hard to make. Chapter 6 provides information on all current vaccines, while Chapter 13 looks at diseases that still aren’t preventable.

As is often said about vaccines, it’s not vaccines that save lives; it’s vaccinations. For communities to be protected, vaccines need to be given. The tough part is often ensuring that vaccines are accessible for all and vaccination rates are high enough to protect the entire community.