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1 Housing & Development Board, “Hougang”. Source: http://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about-us/history/hdb-towns-your-home/hougang. Updated 4 October 2017. Accessed 15 August 2019.

2 According to the Marina at Keppel Bay website, Captain Henry Keppel discovered a sheltered, deep water harbour in 1848. It was known as New Harbour until April 1900, when Keppel, then the Admiral, visited Singapore again. To honour him, the Acting Governor, Sir Alexander Swettenham, renamed the harbour Keppel. The development of the harbour in mid-19^th century in Singapore led to the prosperity of the island.

3 James Tann posed an interesting riddle on Facebook on 8 September 2019. The GPO was built in 1929. Where was Mile Zero, where the milestones were measured from, before the GPO was built? According to him, before 1929, milestones were measured from the Main Gate of the Balai Police Bahru, or the New Police Station, located on North Bridge Road, opposite St Andrew’s Cathedral, where Capitol Piazza stands today.

4 This section is based on Pang Cheng Lian, “Lee pays respect to PAP stalwart”, in New Nation, 29 June 1971, p. 2 and The Singapore Free Press, “The Big Vote Trek”, in The Singapore Free Press, 19 March 1955, p. 7.

5 Bryan Goh, “Hougang: Diversity in a Teochew Enclave”, in Muse SG, No. 38, Vol. 11, Issue 02, p. 6.

6 This section is based on Gillian Pow Chong, “A feast before the farewell”, in The Straits Times, 12 November 1985, p. 13.

7 This section is based on Punggol Community Club, Punggol Community Club (Official Opening) Souvenir Magazine, 13 March 1993, Singapore, p. 9.

8 This was reported in Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, “The Free Press”, in Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 12 April 1855, p. 2.

9 These statistics are from a survey. The Straits Times, “Untitled”, in The Straits Times, 15 May 1855, p. 5.

10 Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, “Municipal Committee”, in Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 13 November 1856, p. 3.

11 The Straits Times, “Untitled”, in The Straits Times, 9 July 1850, p. 5.

12 The Straits Times, “Untitled”, in The Straits Times, 28 January 1851, p. 5.

13 As reported in The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, “Untitled”, in The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 5 March 1851, p. 1.

14 The Straits Times, “Untitled”, in The Straits Times, 1 May 1855, p. 4.