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The weld made with Ar plus 700 ppm SO₂ gas was deeper because SO₂ decomposed in the arc and the S absorbed by the weld pool became a surface‐active agent and reversed the Marangoni flow to deepen the weld.

Figure E3.2 Effect of SO₂(g) in Ar shielding gas on weld shape.

For more details, see Heiple and Burgardt [31].