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 The Nominative (singular)– why and when?

Kto? Co?

The Nominative – the case in Polish declension, which answers the questions: kto?, co?, and which is an independent case; it indicates an independent part of the sentence, i.e. a simple subject or the independent part of a complex subject, e.g. Student czyta.

Structures with the Nominative:

subject predicate

Agata pracuje.

Ona dzwoni.

Marta zajmuje się grantami / rozmawia przez telefon.

 Function(s)

1. The case of the subject,

2. It occurs after the word to (as a linker), e.g. Marta to recepcjonistka.

3. It occurs in sentences like: To (jest) pan Green. / Edgar to miły chłopiec.

4. It occurs in questions starting with the words: jaki, który, czyj (see the following lessons), e.g. Jaki on jest? / Czyj jest ten samochód?

 Inflectional endings

sg.		pronoun	adjective	noun
(m.)	mój drogi / (dobry) dyrektor	–ø	–i / –y	–ø
(f.)	moja (miła) dziewczyna	–a	–a	–a
(n.)	moje (trudne) życie / dziecko	–e	–e	–e, –o

 Interrogative pronoun

kto

The interrogative pronoun kto “replaces” the indefinite noun in interrogative sentences. Example:

Kto jest w Fundacji Nowa Polska?

→ W Fundacji Nowa Polska jest Marta;

Kto pracuje w Fundacji Nowa Polska?

→ Marta pracuje w Fundacji Nowa Polska.

This pronoun refers to persons. When used in questions about a person (or, more rarely, an animal), it contains a request to the interlocutor to indicate that person or to describe them in more detail. It replaces the noun, most frequently the personal noun. INFLECTION: G. /A. kogo, D. komu, I . / L. kim; no plural. For more information, see the table of grammatical cases on page 298.

Kto to (jest) ? → To (jest ) dyrektor.

→ To (jest) dziewczyna.

→ To (jest) dziecko.

 The noun – grammatical genders.

In the Polish language there are three genders: masculine*, feminine and neuter.

 Masculine nouns in N. sg. usually do not have any endings (they end in a consonant, i.e. np. bilet, kot, dyrektor, tydzień). There are a small number of masculine nouns with the ending –a, np. kolega, sprzedawca.

 Feminine nouns in N. sg. usually end in the vowel –a, np. dziewczyna, Polska; rarely –i, e.g. pani.

 Neuter nouns in N. sg. end in the vowel –o, –e, np. dziecko, życie; rarely in the vowel –ę, e.g. the word imię. Neuter nouns of Latin origin have the ending –um, e.g. liceum and in the singular they are uninflected. For details, see Lesson 9 on page 89.

 Important note!

*The masculine gender (in the book abbreviated to m.) is divided into three groups. SINGULAR: 1. masculine–personal, e.g. dyrektor (abbreviated as mos.), 2. masculine–inanimate, e.g. bilet, tydzień (abbreviated to m. inanim.), 3. masculine–animate, e.g. kot (abbreviated to m.anim.). PLURAL: 1. masculine–personal (abbreviated to m. prs.), 2. nonmasculine–personal (abbreviated to nm. prs.).

 Demonstrative pronouns

ten, ta, to

The demonstrative pronouns ten ta, to indicate an object or a property of the object which we want to define more closely, or the one we indicate by means of appropriate gestures. In the plural te – for nonmasculine–personal gender; ci – for masculine–personal gender.

m. ten (dyrektor, podręcznik)

f. ta (dziewczyna, książka)

n. to (życie, dziecko, ćwiczenie)

Examples:

Ten student nazywa się Edgar Betraff. Ta recepcjonistka ma na imię Marta. To dziecko jest małe.

 Functions of the word to in sentences

to

It is worth knowing that the word to has several functions in Polish:

1. It points generally to a thing, person, phenomenon or situation, which the speaker and listener identify in the context of the conversation or of what was said earlier. It replaces the subject or an object. No plural. Examples: To (jest) Edgar Betraff. / To (jest) recepcjonistka. / To (jest) dziecko.

2. It replaces the auxilliary word być. Examples: Warszawa to stolica Polski. / Kto to? → To ja.

3. It links sentences. Example: Daj mi samochód, to pojadę na zakupy.

4. It indicates the speaker’s emotional attitude. Example: Kto to przyszedł?!

 Personal pronouns

sg.		pl.
1st person	ja	1st person	my
2nd person	ty	2nd person	wy
3rd person	on (m.)	3rd person	oni (m. prs.)
	ona (f.)		one (nm. prs.)
	ono (n.)

Conjugation of the verb być [IMPERF.]*	Conjugation of the verb nazywać się
– the present tense, singular	– the present tense, singular
sg.		sg.
1st person	(ja)	jestem	nazywa –m się
2nd person	(ty)	jesteś	nazywa –sz się
3rd person	(on) || pan	jestø**	nazywa –ø się
	(ona) || pani	jestø	nazywa –ø się
	(ono)	jestø	nazywa –ø się