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Notes
Оглавление1 1. Some of Foucault’s notes and notebooks from Lycée Henri-IV are in BNF NAF28803 (8); ones from Poitiers in boxes 7 and 9–12.
2 2. Rat gave Foucault his own preparatory notebooks, which are in BNF NAF28803 (13).
3 3. C 15–16/14–15; Didier Eribon, Michel Foucault et ses contemporains, Paris: Fayard, 1994, 233. BNF NAF28803 (7), folder 2 has the certificate, dated 4 July 1949. See Programme et conditions d’admission et de l’enseignement à institut de psychologie, Paris: Vuibert, 1949.
4 4. C 14–15/13–14; Eribon, Michel Foucault, 59–62/31–3; Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, ch. 2; DE#281 IV, 53–54; EW III 252–53. Some of his notes are preserved in BNF NAF2830 (38). On the ENS at this time, see Edward Baring, The Young Derrida and French Philosophy, 1945–1968, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, ch. 3.
5 5. The famous ‘letter’ was a substantial essay, published as a book and later collected in Wegmarken (GA9, 313–64); trans. Frank Capuzzi in Pathmarks, ed. William McNeill, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 239–76. See also the initial letter sent by Heidegger to Beaufret, 23 November 1945, in Questions III et IV, trans. Jean Beaufret et al., Paris: Gallimard, 1990, 129–30.
6 6. Jean Beaufret, Dialogue avec Heidegger, Paris: Minuit, 4 vols, 1973–85. Only the first is translated: Dialogue with Heidegger: Greek Philosophy, trans. Mark Sinclair, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
7 7. Jean Beaufret, Le Poème de Parménide, Paris, PUF, 1955.
8 8. David Pettigrew and François Raffoul, ‘Introduction’, in French Interpretations of Heidegger: An Exceptional Reception, Albany: SUNY Press, 2008, 1–22, 6. On the links more generally, see Pierre Jacerne, ‘The Thoughtful Dialogue between Martin Heidegger and Jean Beaufret: A New Way of Doing Philosophy’, 59–72.
9 9. Jean Beaufret, Leçons de philosophie (1): Philosophie grecque, le rationalisme classique and Leçons de philosophie (2): Idéalisme allemande et philosophie contemporaine, ed. Philippe Fouillaron, Paris: Seuil, 1998.
10 10. BNF NAF28730 (38), folder 3.
11 11. Beaufret, ‘Qu’est-ce-que Sein und Zeit?’, Leçons de philosophie (2), 361–74.
12 12. Hugo Ott, Martin Heidegger: A Political Life, trans. Allan Blunden, London: HarperCollins, 1993, 8–9.
13 13. A biography can be found at http://institutdesanti.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique2&periode=30. Foucault briefly mentions him in DE#281 IV, 53–43; EW III, 252–3. His notes from classes attended are mainly in BNF NAF28730 (38), folder 1.
14 14. Jacques Derrida, ‘Ponctuations: Le temps de la thèse’, Du droit à la philosophie, Paris: Galilée, 1990, 439–59; ‘Punctuations: The Time of a Thesis’, trans. Kathleen McLaughlin, in Eyes of the University: Right to Philosophy 2, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004, 113–28. See Benoît Peeters, Derrida, Paris: Flammarion, 2010, 391–2; Derrida: A Biography, trans. Andrew Brown, Cambridge: Polity, 2013, 316.
15 15. See BNF NAF28730 (38). Among other works, see Henri Gouhier, La pensée religieuse de Descartes, Paris: Vrin, 1924; Études d’histoire de la philosophie française, Hildesheim: Olms, 1976.
16 16. Henri Gouhier, Le Théâtre et l’existence, Paris: Aubier, 1952; Henri Bergson, Œuvres, ed. André Robinet, introduced by Henri Gouhier, Paris: PUF, 1963.
17 17. Derek Robbins, ‘Pierre Bourdieu, 1930–2002’, Theory, Culture and Society, 19 (3), 2002, 113–16, 113.
18 18. The critical edition is Qu’est-ce que la critique, suivie de La culture de soi, ed. Henri-Paul Fruchaud et Daniele Lorenzini, Paris: Vrin, 2015, 33–80; the English translation is of an earlier version: The Politics of Truth, Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2007, 41–81.
19 19. Jean Wahl, La Malheur de la conscience dans la philosophie de Hegel, Paris: PUF, 2nd edn, 1951 [1929]; Études kierkegaardiennes, Paris: F. Aubiuer, 1938.
20 20. Jean Wahl, Existence humaine et transcendence, Neuchatel: Baconnière, 1944; Human Existence and Transcendence, ed. and trans. William C. Hackett, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2016. See also Transcendence and the Concrete: Selected Writings, ed. Alan D. Schrift and Ian Alexander Moore, New York: Fordham University Press, 2017. The introductions to these translations are good guides to his work. See also Ethan Kleinberg, Generation Existential: Heidegger’s Philosophy in France 1927–1961, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005, 84–7.
21 21. Jean Wahl, Tableau de la philosophie française, Paris: Fontaine, 1946; Les Philosophes de l’existence, Paris: Armand Colin, 1959; Philosophies of Existence: An Introduction to the Basic Thought of Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Jaspers, Marcel, Sartre, trans. F. M. Lory, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.
22 22. These lectures are discussed in Elden, The Archaeology of Foucault.
23 23. Michael Sprinker, ‘Politics and Friendship: An Interview with Jacques Derrida’, in E. Ann Kaplan and Michael Sprinker, The Althusserian Legacy, London: Verso, 1993, 183–231, 191.
24 24. Jean Wahl, Heidegger I, Paris: Centre de documentation universitaire, [1952], 94 n. 1, mentions the analysis of boredom in Heidegger’s 1929/30 course The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude (GA29/30), trans. William McNeill and Nicholas Walker, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. See Les Philosophies de l’existence, 102; Philosophies of Existence, 68.
25 25. Compare backcover of Jean Wahl, Introduction à la pensée de Heidegger: Cours donnés en Sorbonne de janvier à juin 1946, Paris: Le livre de poche, 1998, with ‘Appendix: Jean Wahl’s Letter to Martin Heidegger, December 12, 1937’, in Wahl, Transcendence and the Concrete, 213–15, 215. The original of the letter is in the Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, 75.6908/2. The same conclusion is reached by Dominique Janicaud, Heidegger en France I: Récit, Paris: Albin Michel, 2001, 95 n. 55.
26 26. Jean Montenot, ‘Avant-propos’, in Wahl, Introduction à la pensée de Heidegger, 7–12, 7; Janicaud, Heidegger en France I, 94–5. Editorial notes specify these links in some detail.
27 27. Janicaud, Heidegger en France I, 95.
28 28. Defert OE I, xxxviii.
29 29. Montenot, ‘Avant-propos’, 11. In Dominique Janicaud, Heidegger en France II: Entretiens, Paris: Albin Michel, 2001, 11, Axelos says he attended two or three courses by Wahl, but that he found them unsatisfactory, and he began reading Heidegger himself.
30 30. Jean Wahl, L’Idée d’être chez Heidegger, Paris: Centre de Documentation Universitaire, 1951; La pensée de Heidegger et la poésie de Hölderlin, Paris: Centre de Documentation Universitaire, 1952. For dating, see Claire Paulhan, Fonds Jean Wahl inventaire, IMEC, 2004, 6–7.
31 31. Baring, The Young Derrida, 104–105.
32 32. I.e. Wahl, L’Idée d’être chez Heidegger, 47.
33 33. Walter Biemel, Le Concept de monde chez Heidegger, Paris: Vrin, 2nd edn, 2015 [1950]; Henri Birault, ‘Existence et vérité d’après Heidegger’, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 56 (1), 1951, 35–87.
34 34. BNF NAF28730 (33a), Folder 1.
35 35. Jean Wahl, Sur l’interpretation de l’histoire de la métaphysique d’après Heidegger, Paris: Centre de Documentation Universitaire, 1951; Esquisse pour un tableau des catégories de la philosophie de l’existence, Paris: Centre de Documentation Universitaire, 1951.
36 36. Wahl, Sur l’interpretation, 1.
37 37. Wahl, Sur l’interpretation, 33.
38 38. BNF NAF28730 (33a), Folder 1 has notes on the Plato essay, the 1925 course, the 1936 course on Nietzsche, and Holzwege.
39 39. Jean Wahl, Traité de métaphysique: Cours professés en Sorbonne, Paris: Payot, 1968 [1953].
40 40. Jean Wahl, Vers la fin de l’ontologie: Étude sur l’Introduction dans la métaphysique par Heidegger, Paris: Société d’Édition d’Enseignement Superieur, 1956. See Martin Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics (GA40), trans. Gregory Fried and Richard Polt, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. On Wahl’s course see Janicaud, Heidegger en France I, 169–70.
41 41. Jean Wahl, Mots, mythes et réalité dans la philosophie de Heidegger, Paris: Centre de documentation universitaire, 1961.
42 42. Frédéric de Towarnicki, interview with Jean Beaufret, in À la rencontre de Heidegger: Souvenirs d’un messager de la Forêt-Noire, Paris: Gallimard, 1993, 251.
43 43. Jean Wahl, Petite histoire de l’existentialisme, Club Maintenant, 1947, 34–5.
44 44. Martin Heidegger, The Metaphysical Foundations of Logic (GA26), trans. Michael Heim, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984, 270–1. Montenot and Janicaud both assume the course mentioned is Einleitung in die Philosophie, but since Beaufret refers to the publication of the course in the Gesamtausgabe, this cannot be the case, since Einleitung was not published until a decade after Beaufret’s death. Beaufret is wrong that the passage is not in the published version of The Metaphysical Foundations, but otherwise this story fits. See Montenot, ‘Avant-propos’, 9 n. 2; Janicaud, Heidegger en France I, 96; Towarnicki, À la rencontre de Heidegger, 251, 131; Jean Beaufret, Entretiens avec Frédéric de Towarnicki, Paris: PUF, 1984, vii.
45 45. Paola Zambelli, Alexandre Koyré in incognito, Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 2016, 234.
46 46. See, among other works, Alexandre Koyré, From the Closed World to the Open Universe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957; La Révolution astronomique: Copernic, Kepler, Borelli, Paris: Hermann, 1961, The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus, Kepler, Borelli, trans. R. E. W. Maddison, London: Methuen, 1973; and De la mystique à la science: Cours, conférences et documents 1922–1962, ed. Pietro Redondi, Paris: EHESS, 1986.
47 47. Paola Zambelli, ‘Introduction’, in Jean-François Stoffel, Bibliographie d’Alexandre Koyré, Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 2000, vii–xx, xv. Koyré also takes part in a discussion of Wahl’s 1946 lecture published as Petite histoire de l’existentialisme, 75–9.
48 48. G. W. F. Hegel, La Phénoménologie de l’esprit, trans. Jean Hyppolite, Paris: Aubier, 2 vols, 1939–41; Genèse et structure de la Phénoménologie de l’esprit de Hegel, Paris: Aubier, 2 vols, 1946; Genesis and Structure of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. Samuel Cherniak and John Heckman, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2000; Jean Hyppolite, Introduction à la Philosophie de l’histoire de Hegel, Paris: M. Rivière et Cie, 1948; Logique et existence: Essai sur la Logique de Hegel, Paris: PUF, 1953; Logic and Existence, trans. Leonard Lawlor and Amit Sen, Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.
49 49. Alexandre Kojève, Introduction à la lecture de Hegel: Leçons sur la Phénoménologie de l’esprit professées de 1933 à 1939 à l’École des hautes études, ed. Raymond Queneau, Paris: Gallimard, 1980 [1947]; abridged as Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit, ed. Allan Bloom, trans. James H. Nichols, Jr, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980 [1969].
50 50. On Kojève’s seminar, see Kleinberg, Generation Existential, ch. 2; Michel Surya, Georges Bataille: An Intellectual Biography, trans. Krzysztof Fijalkowski and Michael Richardson, London: Verso, 2002, 187–90; and Jeff Love, The Black Circle: A Life of Alexandre Kojève, New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.
51 51. Interview with Mme Hyppolite, cited in John Heckmann, ‘Introduction’, in Hyppolite, Genesis and Structure, xv–xli, xxvi.
52 52. Heckmann, ‘Introduction’, in Hyppolite, Genesis and Structure, xiii. On this context, see Judith Butler, Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, and Bruce Baugh, French Hegel: From Surrealism to Postmodernism, London: Routledge, 2003. Hyppolite’s work was slightly preceded by G. W. F. Hegel, Morceaux choisis, translated and introduced by Henri Lefebvre and Norbert Guterman, Paris: Gallimard, 1938.
53 53. Jean Hyppolite, Études sur Marx et Hegel, Paris: Marcel Rivière et Cie, 1955; Studies on Marx and Hegel, trans. John O’Neill, London: Heinemann, 1969.
54 54. Jean Hyppolite, Figures de la pensée philosophique: Écrits 1931–1968, Paris: PUF, 2 vols, 1971.
55 55. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3M0SJ2sJqg; transcribed as DE#31 I, 448–64.
56 56. Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault, ‘Jean Hyppolite (1907–68)’, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 74 (2), 1969, 129–36. Foucault’s text is reprinted as DE#67 I, 779–85.
57 57. Hommage à Jean Hyppolite, Paris: PUF, 1971. Generally, see Giuseppe Bianco (ed.), Jean Hyppolite, entre structure et existence, Paris: Rue d’Ulm, 2013.
58 58. Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 32; see Eribon, Michel Foucault et ses contemporains, 315 n. 1; Schrift, Twentieth-Century French Philosophy, 126.
59 59. BNF NAF28803 (1), ‘La constitution d’un transcendantal dans la Phénoménologie de l’esprit de Hegel (1949)’. The typed copies are in folder 1 and folder 4, and fragments of Foucault’s manuscript in folder 2. Folder 1 also includes Annexes, including a summary of its argument, the sources of the quotations, a bibliography, and a plan. Folders 2 and 3 include some handwritten preparatory notes relating to this thesis. Subsequent references are to the version in folder 4, supplemented by the outlines. There are reading notes in other places, notably in BNF NAF28730 (33a). On the thesis, see Pierre Macherey, ‘Foucault serait-il sorti de Hegel?’ and Jean-Baptiste Vuillerod, ‘Hegel et ses ombres: Alexandre Kojève et l’anti-hégélianisme français des années 1960’, Les Temps modernes, 695, 2017, 91–114.
60 60. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 13.
61 61. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 13.
62 62. For a schematic outline, see BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, 2 versions du Plan.
63 63. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 19–21.
64 64. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 44–5; BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 2.
65 65. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 2, 1; see ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 46.
66 66. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 69–70.
67 67. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 2; see ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 53, 71.
68 68. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 2, 1; see ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 54 which outlines the three chapters of the second part in terms of a regressive step, a strictly transcendental analysis, and a progressive descent [redescente]; 66–7 where they are empirical progression and transcendental regression; and 68, 139–40.
69 69. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 2, 1.
70 70. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 2.
71 71. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 3.
72 72. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 3.
73 73. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 72.
74 74. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 88–9.
75 75. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 89.
76 76. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 99; referencing Hegels Sämtliche Werke, ed. Georg Lasson and Johannes Hoffmeister, Leipzig: F. Meiner, 21 vols, 1905–1944, vol. VII, 433; System of Ethical Life (1802/3), ed. and trans. H. S. Harris and T. M. Knox, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1979, 114. The German edition has been superseded.
77 77. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 2, 2.
78 78. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 113.
79 79. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 122.
80 80. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 131.
81 81. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 1; Plan 2, 1.
82 82. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 11.
83 83. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 5.
84 84. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 150.
85 85. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 5; see ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 147, 150–51, 155.
86 86. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 6.
87 87. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 159–67.
88 88. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion, 11 pp, unpaginated.
89 89. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion [4].
90 90. See Terry Pinkard, Hegel: A Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 228–9.
91 91. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion [1].
92 92. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion [11].
93 93. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion [11]. Foucault suggests the Ideas tries ‘to dispel [dissiper] the sphere of philosophical reflection as an independent region’, but Hegel stresses the ‘legitimacy of this level of thought in Absolute Knowledge’.
94 94. For The Phenomenology of Spirit, I have consulted translations by A. V. Miller, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977; and Terry Pinkard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. However, I have generally translated Hyppolite’s translation, rather than used these, since this makes it closer to Foucault’s terminology.
95 95. G. W. F. Hegel, The Difference between Fichte’s and Schelling’s System of Philosophy, trans. H. S. Harris and Walter Cerf, Albany: SUNY Press, 1977; Early Theological Writings, trans. T. M. Knox and Richard Kroner, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971 [1948].
96 96. See the ‘Avertissement’, ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’.
97 97. Hyppolite, Genèse et structure; Wahl, ‘Hegel et Kierkegaard’, Revue philosophique de la France et de l’étranger 112, 1931, 321–80.
98 98. Georg Lukács, Der junge Hegel: Über die Beziehungen von Dialektik und Ökonomie, Zurich, 1948; The Young Hegel: Studies in the Relation between Dialectics and Economics, trans. Rodney Livingstone, London: Merlin, 1975; Karl Löwith, ‘L’Achèvement de la philosophie classique par Hegel et sa dissolution chez Marx et Kierkegaard’, Recherches philosophiques IV, 1934–5, 232–67; Benedetto Croce, Ce qui est vivant et ce qui est mort de la philosophie de Hegel: Étude Critique suivie d’un essai de bibliographie hégélienne, trans. Henri Buriot, Paris: V. Giard and E. Brière, 1910.
99 99. Eugen Fink, ‘Die phänomenologische philosophie Husserls in der gegenwärtigen Kritik: Mit einem Vorwort von Edmund Husserl’, Kantstudien 38 (1–2), 1933, 319–83; Emmanuel Lévinas, ‘Sur les “Ideen” de M. E. Husserl’, Revue philosophique de la France et de l’étranger, 107, 1929, 230–65; Sartre, ‘La Transcendance de l’ego’, Recherches philosophiques, VI, 1936–7, 85–123; The Transcendence of the Ego: A Sketch for a Phenomenological Description, trans. Andrew Brown, London: Routledge, 2005.
100 100. Defert, OE I, xxxviii. Foucault turned 23 on 15 October.
101 101. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 3 contains notes that mention Heidegger and Kierkegaard on angst. In the thesis, Foucault suggests language and the concept have an ‘être-là’, but this is in relation to Hegel’s use of Dasein as an alternative to Existenz, following Hyppolite’s translation and does not seem to have an Heideggerian (or Sartrean) inflection. See, for example, ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 94–5, 142.
102 102. Daniel Lagache, Œuvres, ed. Eva Rosenblum, Paris: PUF, 4 vols, 1977–82; The Works of Daniel Lagache, trans. Elizabeth Holder, London: Karnac, 1993.
103 103. Jacques Lacan, Écrits, Paris: Seuil, 1966, 602, 647–84; Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English, trans. Bruce Fink, New York: W.W. Norton, 2006 (the English has the French pagination in the margins).
104 104. Alain Berthoz, ‘Hommage à Julian de Ajuriaguerra’, 1994, http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/julian-de-ajuriaguerra/Hommage.htm
105 105. Georges Politzer, Critique des fondements de la psychologie I: La Psychologie et la psychanalyse, Paris: Rieder, 1928; trans. Maurice Apprey, Critique of the Foundations of Psychology: The Psychology of Psychoanalysis, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1994.
106 106. Eribon, Michel Foucault, 58/30; Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 66.
107 107. See Henri Lefebvre, ‘Georges Politzer’, La Pensée, October–December 1944, 7–10. On this group, see Michel Trebitsch, ‘Les Mesaventures du groupe Philosophies, 1924–1933’, La Revue des revues, 3, 1987, 6–9; ‘Le Groupe Philosophies et les surréalistes (1924–1925)’, Melusine: Cahiers du centre de recherches sur le surréalisme, XI, 1990, 63–75; and Bud Burkhard, French Marxism Between the Wars: Henri Lefebvre and the ‘Philosophies’, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanity Books, 2000.
108 108. Friedrich Schelling, Recherches philosophiques sur l’essence de la liberté humaine et sur les problemes qui s’y rattachent, trans. Georges Politzer, introduced by Henri Lefebvre, Paris: F. Rieder, 1926.
109 109. Politzer, La Crise de la psychologie contemporaine, ed. Jean Kanapa, Paris: Sociales, 1947; and Écrits 2: Les Fondements de la psychologie, Paris: Sociales, 1969.
110 110. See Georges Cogniot, ‘Biographie de Georges Politzer’, in Politzer, Principes élémentaires de philosophie, Paris: Sociales, 2nd edn, 1977, i–viii; ‘Georges Politzer’, in Elementary Principles of Philosophy, trans. Barbara L. Morris, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1976, xi–xv; and Amedeo Giorgi, ‘Foreword: The Psychology of Georges Politzer’, in Politzer, Critique of the Foundations of Psychology, xxii–xxxviii; Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co, 51–54, 56–67.
111 111. For example, Politzer, Critique des fondements, 184; Politzer, The Psychology of Psychoanalysis, 112.
112 112. Politzer, Critique des fondements, 269; The Psychology of Psychoanalysis, 165.
113 113. Politzer, Critique des fondements, 18; The Psychology of Psychoanalysis, 7.
114 114. Politzer, Critique des fondements, 31; The Psychology of Psychoanalysis, 15.
115 115. Politzer, Critique des fondements, 31 n. 1; The Psychology of Psychoanalysis, 166 n. 6. The 1928 designation of volume I is dropped in later editions.
116 116. See Françoise Parot (ed.), Pour une psychologie historique: Écrits en hommage à Ignace Meyerson, Paris: PUF, 1996; Noemí Pizarroso López, Ignace Meyerson, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2018; and Csaba Pléh, ‘Recovering a French Tradition: Ignace Meyerson in Focus’, Culture and Psychology, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X19851029
117 117. See Adolfo Fernandez-Zoïla, ‘Ignace Meyerson et la psychopathologie: position de la psychologie historique’, in Parot (ed.), Pour une psychologie historique, 137–47; Frédéric Fruteau de Laclos, La Psychologie des philosophes: de Bergson à Vernant, Paris: PUF, 2012, 256–7.
118 118. Foucault to Ignace Meyerson, 1 June [1953], Fonds Ignace Meyerson, Correspondance 1946–1984, Archives Nationales 920046 51.
119 119. Alessandro de Lima Francisco, Calçando os tamancos de Paul-Michel Foucault: um estudo sobre a Psicologia na problematização filosófica de Michel Foucault com base nos escritos inéditos dos anos 1950, unpublished PhD thesis, PUC-SP and Université de Paris 8, 2017.
120 120. Lacan, Écrits, 404.
121 121. The thesis and early writings are in Jacques Lacan, De la psychose paranoïoque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité, suivi de Premiers écrits sur la paranoïa, Paris: Seuil, 1975. The subsequent Points reprint does not include the other essays.
122 122. Jacques-Alain Miller, ‘An Introduction to Seminars I and II’, in Richard Feldstein, Bruce Fink, and Maire Jaanus (eds), Reading Seminars I and II: Lacan’s Return to Freud, Albany: SUNY Press, 1996, 3–35, 4.
123 123. His text on Freud’s Die Verneinung is included in Lacan, Écrits, 879–87 and Hyppolite, Figures de la pensée philosophique, vol. I, 385–96. Lacan’s rewritten introduction and reply is in Écrits, 369–80, 381–99.
124 124. Miller, ‘An Introduction to Seminars I and II’, 5.
125 125. John Forrester and Sylvana Tomaselli, ‘Translator’s Note’, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book I: Freud’s Papers on Technique 1953–1954, trans. John Forrester, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1988, vii; see Miller, ‘An Introduction to Seminars I and II’, 6.
126 126. Lacan, Écrits, 405.
127 127. Alan D. Schrift, Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers, Oxford: Blackwell, 2006, 149; see Lacan, Écrits, 237–322.
128 128. Miller, ‘An Introduction to Seminars I and II’, 4–5.
129 129. Jacques Lacan, ‘Le Symbolique, l’imaginaire et le réel’, in Des Noms-du-Père, Paris: Seuil, 2005, 12–13; ‘The Symbolic, the Imaginary, and the Real’, in On the Names-of-the-Father, trans. Bruce Fink, Cambridge: Polity, 2013, 3–4. See, in these volumes, Jacques-Alain Miller, ‘Indications bio-bibliographiques’, 105–6; ‘Bio-Bibliographical Information’, 92–4.
130 130. Freud, ‘Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (‘Dora’)’, in Case Histories I: ‘Dora’ and ‘Little Hans’, London: Penguin, 1990, 29–164.
131 131. Miller, ‘An Introduction to Seminars I and II’, 6.
132 132. Jacques Lacan, ‘Séminaire sur l’homme aux loups, 1952–53’, http://espace.freud.pagesperso-orange.fr/topos/psycha/psysem/homoloup.htm. Lacan mentions the discussion as being ‘a year and a half ago’ on 3 February 1954, and two years ago on 19 May 1954: Le Séminaire Livre I: Les Écrits techniques de Freud, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, Paris: Seuil (Points), 1975, 71, 293; The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book I, 42, 188.
133 133. Jacques Lacan, Le Mythe individuel du névrosé, ou Poésie et vérité dans la névrose, Seuil, 2007, 9–50; ‘The Neurotic’s Individual Myth’, Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 48, 1979, 405–25. See Freud, ‘Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis (‘The Rat Man’)’ and ‘From the History of an Infantile Neurosis (The ‘Wolf Man’)’, Case Histories II: ‘Rat Man’, Schreber, ‘Wolf Man’, A Case of Female Homosexuality, London: Penguin, 1991, 31–128, 225–366.
134 134. Miller, ‘An Introduction to Seminars I and II’, 6.
135 135. Freud’s papers on technique can be found in Schriften zur Behandlungstechnik: Studienausgabe – Ergänzungsband, Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1975; Collected Papers, volume II: Clinical Papers, Papers on Technique, ed. Joan Riviere, London: Hogarth, 1953 [1924]; or Therapy or Technique, ed. Philip Rieff, New York: Collier, 1963.
136 136. Miller, ‘An Introduction to Seminars I and II’, 5.
137 137. Le Séminaire Livre II: Le Moi dans la théorie de Freud et dans la technique de la psychanalyse, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, Paris: Seuil (Points), 1978; The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book II: The Ego in Freud’s Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis 1954–1955, trans. Sylvana Tomaselli, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1988.
138 138. Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology: The Theory of Psychoanalysis, London: Penguin, 1991, 269–338, 339–407.
139 139. Le Séminaire Livre III: Les Psychoses 1955–1956, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, Paris: Seuil, 1981; The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book III: The Psychoses 1955–56, trans. Russell Grigg, London: Routledge, 1993. Freud, ‘Psychoanalytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (Dementia Paranoides) (Schreber)’, Case Histories II, 131–223.
140 140. Maurice Pinguet, Le Texte Japon: Introuvables et inédits, ed. Michaël Ferrier, Paris: Seuil, 2009, 49–50, 63–4. The first reference is to a reprint of ‘Les Années d’apprentissage’, Le Débat 41, 1986, 122–31. Foucault’s appointment diaries between 1951–55 are in BNF NAF28803 (5), Folder 4.
141 141. Pinguet only published one book in his lifetime (La Mort voluntaire au Japon, Paris: Gallimard, 1984; Voluntary Death in Japan, trans. Rosemary Morris, Cambridge: Polity, 1993). Other writings were collected in Le Texte Japon after his death.
142 142. Pinguet, Le Texte Japon, 63–4; see François Ewald, ‘Repères biographiques’, Magazine littéraire, 325, 1994, 21–3, 21; C 18/18.
143 143. Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 56. See Macey, Lacan in Contexts, London: Verso, 1988; Élisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925–1985, trans. Jeffrey Mehlman, London: Free Association Books, 1990. For France’s posthumous engagement with Freud, see Alain de Mijolla, La France et Freud tome I: 1946–1953. Une Pénible Renaissance, Paris: PUF, 2012 and La France et Freud tome II: 1954–1964. D’une Scisson à l’autre, Paris: PUF, 2012; following his earlier Freud et la France, 1885–1945, Paris: PUF, 2010.
144 144. Max Herzog, Weltentwürfe: Ludwig Binswangers phänomenologische Psychologie, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1994, 115–16; Roger Frie, Subjectivity and Intersubjectivity in Modern Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: A Study of Sartre, Binswanger, Lacan, and Habermas, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997, 161.
145 145. There are a few reading notes in BNF NAF28730 (38), folder 4.
146 146. Pinguet, Le Texte Japon, 50, 64.
147 147. Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 69; citing interview with Jacqueline Verdeaux.
148 148. Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 57. See Bernard Gueguen, ‘Hommage à Georges Verdeaux’, Neurophysiologie clinique 34 (6), 2004, 301–2.
149 149. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la Perception, Paris: Gallimard, 1945; Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Donald A. Landes, London: Routledge, 2012. A good overview is Claude Imbert, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Paris: ADPF, 2006.
150 150. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, La Structure du comportement, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1942; The Structure of Behavior, trans. Alden L. Fisher, Boston: Beacon Press, 1963. There is a folder of notes on both books in BNF NAF28730 (33a).
151 151. Merleau-Ponty, La Structure du comportement, i; The Structure of Behavior, iii.
152 152. Martin Heidegger, GA6.1, 42; Nietzsche, trans. David Farrell Krell, Frank Capuzzi and Joan Stambaugh, San Francisco: Harper Collins, 4 vols, 1991, vol. I, 45. In The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, Heidegger does use work from biology, notably Jakob von Uexküll, in this way.
153 153. Alphonse de Waelhens, ‘Une Philosophie de l’ambiguïté’, in Merleau-Ponty, La Structure du comportement, vi; ‘Foreword to the Second French Edition: A Philosophy of the Ambiguous’, The Structure of Behavior, xix.
154 154. Mauriac, Le Temps immobile 3, 530.
155 155. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, L’Union de l’âme et du corps chez Malebranche, Biran et Bergson, ed. Jean Depruin, Paris: Vrin, 2nd edn, 1978 [1968]; The Incarnate Subject: Malebranche, Biran, and Bergson on the Union of Body and Soul, ed. Andrew Bjelland, Jr and Patrick Burke, trans. Paul B. Milan, Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2001.
156 156. Jacques Taminiaux, ‘Preface to the English Translation’, The Incarnate Subject, 9–13, 13. Foucault’s notes are in BNF NAF28730 (38), Folder 1.
157 157. Merleau-Ponty, L’Union, 30–4; The Incarnate Subject, 49–52.
158 158. Merleau-Ponty, L’Union, 59; The Incarnate Subject, 71.
159 159. ‘Appendice’, in Eribon, Michel Foucault et ses contemporains, 262; see DE#330 IV, 434; FL 350. See, for example, ‘The Problem of Speech’, summarized in Résumés de cours, Collège de France 1952–1960, Paris: Gallimard, 1968, 33–42; In Praise of Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. John Wild, James Edie and John O’Neill, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1988, 87–94.
160 160. Merleau-Ponty à la Sorbonne: Résumés de ses cours, special issue of Bulletin de psychologie, 18 (236), 1964; Merleau-Ponty à la Sorbonne: Résumé de cours 1949–1952, Paris: Cynara, 1988. The definitive edition is Psychologie et pédagogie de l’enfant: Cours de Sorbonne 1949–1952, Verdier, 2001.
161 161. BNF NAF28803 (3), Folder 7, untitled ms. 7, 9, 31.
162 162. Merleau-Ponty, Child Psychology and Pedagogy: The Sorbonne Lectures 1949–1952, trans. Talia Welsh, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2010.
163 163. His candidacy presentation is ‘Un Inédit de Maurice Merleau-Ponty’, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 67 (4), 1962, 401–9; ‘An Unpublished Text by Maurice Merleau-Ponty: A Prospectus of his Work’, in The Primacy of Perception, and Other Essays on Phenomenological Psychology, the Philosophy of Art, History and Politics, ed. James M. Edie, trans. Arleen B. Dallery, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964, 3–11. His inaugural lecture is Éloge de la philosophie, Paris: Gallimard, 1953; In Praise of Philosophy, 3–64. His course summaries are in Résumés de cours; The Praise of Philosophy, 71–199.
164 164. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Le Monde sensible et le monde de l’expression: Cours au Collège de France Notes, 1953, ed. Emmanuel de Saint Aubert and Stefan Kristensen, Genève: Mētispress, 2011; The Sensible World and the World of Expression, trans. Bryan Smyth, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2020.
165 165. The summary is useful: Merleau-Ponty, Résumés de cours, 11–21; The Praise of Philosophy, 71–9.
166 166. Most of Merleau-Ponty’s major works, though not La Structure du comportement, none of the lecture courses, and not all the essays, can be found in Œuvres, ed. Claude Lefort, Paris: Gallimard, 2010. It includes Claude Lefort, ‘Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Vie et œuvre 1908–1961’, 27–99.
167 167. See Judith Revel, Foucault avec Merleau-Ponty: Ontologie politique, présentisme et histoire, Paris: Vrin, 2015.
168 168. William Lewis, ‘Louis Althusser’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2018, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/althusser/. André Chervel, ‘Les Agrégés de l’enseignement secondaire. Répertoire 1809–1960’, 2015, http://rhe.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/?q=agregsec-ondaire_laureats
169 169. Alan Schrift, ‘The Effects of the Agrégation de Philosophie on Twentieth-Century French Philosophy’, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 6 (3), 2008, 449–73, 452 n. 6.
170 170. BNF NAF28730 (38), folder 1, has notes that look like a course by Althusser under this title. For Althusser’s engagement with psychoanalysis, see Écrits sur la psychanalyse: Freud et Lacan, ed. Olivier Corpet and François Matheron, Paris: Stock/IMEC, 1993; Writings on Psychoanalysis: Freud and Lacan, trans. Jeffrey Mehlman, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996; and Psychanalyse et sciences humaines: Deux conférences (1963–1964), ed. Olivier Corpet and François Matheron, Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1996.
171 171. Louis Althusser, Montesquieu, la politique et l’histoire, Paris: PUF, 1959; ‘Montesquieu: Politics and History’ in Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx, trans. Ben Brewster, London: New Left Books, 1972, 9–109; Politique et histoire, de Machiavel à Marx: Cours à l’École Normale supérieure de 1955 à 1972, ed. François Matheron, Paris: Seuil, 2006; and Cours sur Rousseau (1972), ed. Yves Vargas, Paris: Le Temps des Cerises, 2012. Other courses were attended by Émile Jalley, whose notes are in Louis Althusser et quelques autres: Notes de cours 1958–1959 Hyppolite, Badiou, Lacan, Hegel, Marx, Alain, Wallon, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2014.
172 172. Louis Althusser to Lucien Sève, posted 13 February 1951, in Correspondance 1949–1987, Paris: Éditions Sociales, 2018, 24–5, briefly mentions the division of writing tasks between different students for a pamphlet on anti-Sovietism, including Foucault on ‘degrading French Intelligence’.
173 173. For this description I have relied on Alan D. Schrift, ‘Is there Such a Thing as ‘French Philosophy’? Or why do we Read the French so Badly’, in Julian Bourg (ed.), After the Deluge: New Perspectives on the Intellectual and Cultural History of Postwar France, Lanham: Lexington, 2004, 21–47, 23–5; Schrift, ‘The Effects of the Agrégation de Philosophie’; and Baring, The Young Derrida and French Philosophy, 224–6. Baring’s chapter 7 provides a good general discussion. On the longer history, see André Chervel, Histoire de l’agrégation: Contribution à l’histoire de la culture scolaire, Paris: Kimé, 1993.
174 174. ‘Examens et concours: Les Concours de 1950’, La Revue universitaire 58 (4), 1949, 228–33, 228.
175 175. ‘Examens et concours: Les Concours de 1951’, La Revue universitaire 59 (4), 1950, 236–41, 236.
176 176. ‘Les Concours de 1950: Sujets proposés’, La Revue universitaire 59 (3), 1950, 180–91, 180.
177 177. ‘Les Concours de 1951: Sujets proposés’, La Revue universitaire 60 (4), 1951, 242–8, 242–3.
178 178. See, for example, the influence the choice of Rousseau, Hobbes and Malebranche had on Althusser’s teaching. Yann Moulier Boutang, Louis Althusser: La Formation du mythe, Paris: Livre du Poche, 2002, 2 vols, vol. II, 402.
179 179. Schrift, ‘Is there Such a Thing as ‘French Philosophy’?’ 24–5; ‘The Effects of the Agrégation de Philosophie’, especially 453–56.
180 180. Boutang, Louis Althusser, vol. II, 402–3.
181 181. This is confirmed by teaching materials in the Fonds Georges Canguilhem at CAPHÉS.
182 182. Gary Gutting, Michel Foucault’s Archaeology of Scientific Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 11, 54.
183 183. Georges Canguilhem, La Formation du concept de réflexe aux XVII et XVIII siècles, Paris: PUF, 2nd edn, 1977 [1955].
184 184. See the Introduction to Canguilhem’s The Normal and the Pathological in 1978 (trans. Carolyn R. Fawcett and Robert S. Cohen, New York: Zone, 1991, 7–24); DE#219 III, 429–42. A revised version appeared just before Foucault’s death (DE#361 IV, 763–76; EW II, 465–78).
185 185. Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 62. On the relation, see Gutting, Michel Foucault’s Archaeology of Scientific Reason, Ch. 1; and Dominique Lecourt, Pour une critique de l’épistémologie: Bachelard, Canguilhem, Foucault, Maspero, 1972; trans. Ben Brewster in Marxism and Epistemology: Bachelard, Canguilhem and Foucault¸ Verso, 1975 (also including a translation of L’Épistémologie historique de Gaston Bachelard, Paris: Vrin, 1969). More generally, see Stuart Elden, Canguilhem, Cambridge: Polity, 2019, and its references.
186 186. BNF NAF28803 (4), folder 2; BNF NAF28730 (42b), folder 2.
187 187. Foucault to Canguilhem, June 1965, quoted in Eribon, Michel Foucault, 175–6/103.
188 188. Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co, 21–3.
189 189. Georges Canguilhem, Le Normal et le pathologique, Paris: PUF, 12th edn, 2015 [1943/1966].
190 190. Georges Canguilhem, La Connaissance de la vie, Paris: Vrin, 2nd revd edn, 1965 [1952]; trans. Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg, Knowledge of Life, New York: Fordham University Press, 2009. See Foucault, Les Mots et les choses: Une Archéologie des sciences humaines, Paris, Gallimard, 1966, 169 n. 1; The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, London: Routledge, 1970, 164 n 58.
191 191. Canguilhem, La Formation du concept de réflexe; cited in draft manuscript of The Archaeology of Knowledge (BNF NAF28284 (1), 70b-71a), and mentioned in L’Archéologie du savoir, Paris: Gallimard/ Tel, 1969, 195 n. 1, 236; The Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. Alan Sheridan, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1972, 144 n. 1, 173–4.
192 192. Canguilhem, Études; Idéologie et rationalité dans l’histoire des sciences de la vie: Nouvelles études d’histoire et de philosophie des sciences, Paris: Vrin, 1977; Ideology and Rationality in the History of the Life Sciences, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988. Parts of Études are included in A Vital Rationalist: Selected Writings, ed. François Delaporte, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, New York: Zone, 1994.
193 193. Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 17–18, 45.
194 194. IMEC 20ALT/68/1. Ones relating to Foucault are found in years 1949–50 and 1950–51. Some are quoted in Eribon, Michel Foucault et ses contemporains, 314–5.
195 195. See notecard on Foucault in IMEC 20ALT/61 – a heavy wooden card-index box.
196 196. Pinguet, Le Texte Japon, 46; Boutang, Louis Althusser, vol. II, 409; C 17/17.
197 197. IMEC 20ALT/61.
198 198. Eribon, Michel Foucault, 68–9/37.
199 199. Chervel, ‘Les Agrégés de l’enseignement secondaire’.
200 200. Jean Néry, ‘Menaces sur l’universitaire: À propos des concours d’agrégation’, La Nouvelle Critique 29, 1951, 28–37. Boutang, Louis Althusser, vol. II, 409.
201 201. Boutang, Louis Althusser, vol. II, 427–8.
202 202. A report of the group’s experience is found in BNF NAF28803 (15), folder 3.
203 203. C 17/17; Eribon, Michel Foucault, 71/38; Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 45, based on interviews with Canguilhem.
204 204. Chervel, ‘Les Agrégés de l’enseignement secondaire’.
