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Learn definitions of the given notions, be ready for writing a dictation:

1) gender

Traditionally, gender has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of "masculine," "feminine," and "neuter," in recent years the word has become well established in its use to refer to sex-based categories (e.g. in phrases gender gap and the politics of gender).

An understanding of the difference between sex and gender is crucial to the correct use of language Anthropologists reserve sex for reference to biological categories, while using gender to refer to social or cultural categories. Sex is biological: people with male genitals are male, and people with female genitals are female. Gender is cultural: notions "masculine" tell us how we expect men to behave and notions of "feminine " tell us how we expect women to behave, and these may have nothing to do with biology. Gender is a subjective cultural attitude while sex is an objective biological fact; a grammatical gender – a grammatical category, syntactic category, a category of words having the same grammatical properties used in the classification of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, in some languages, verbs that may be arbitrary or based on characteristics such as sex or animacy and that determines agreement with or selection of modifiers, referents, or grammatical forms. b оne category of such a set. feminine gender – a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to females or to objects classified as female masculine gender – a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to males or to objects classified as male; neuter gender – a gender that refers chiefly but not exclusively to inanimate objects (neither masculine nor feminine);

2) gender history a sub-field of History and Gender studies, which looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It is in many ways an outgrowth of Women's History. gender role the accepted behaviors, thoughts, and emotions of a specific gender based upon the views of a particular society or culture. gender typing the process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender. gender roles social roles ascribed (приписываемые) to individuals on the basis of their sex. The term gender differs from sex because it refers specifically to the cultural definition of the roles and behaviour appropriate to members of each sex rather than to those aspects of human behaviour that are determined by biology. Thus giving birth is a female sex role, while the role of infant nurturer and care giver (which could be performed by a male) is a gender role ascribed to females;

3) feminism is a standpoint that claims less powerful members of society are able to achieve a more complete view of social reality than are others. A diverse political and intellectual movement chiefly developed by women, but having increasing influence with both sexes, that seeks to criticize, re-evaluate and transform the place of women in social organization and in culture. A major area of concern to feminism is the recovery and articulation of women's' experience in history and in contemporary societies and a wholesale reconstruction of the fundamental intellectual assumptions of social practices and of many areas of study. The sociology of knowledge assumption behind this is the idea that knowledge is socially constructed and shaped; liberal feminism argues that the liberal principles of equality, freedom and equality of opportunity must be fully extended to women. This form of feminism does not call for specific structural changes to society. Neither patriarchy nor capitalism are identified as the enemies of women, rather the restricted reach of liberalism is identified as the problem; radical feminism -is relatively recent and differs from traditional Marxism in arguing that women's oppression is historically primary, harder to transform, causes more harm and is more widespread than class oppression. It is argued that women's oppression provides a model for understanding other forms of oppression such as racism and class domination. Some radical feminists claim that women's oppression is rooted in biology and its elimination will require a biological revolution transforming the biological classification of individuals as males and females. Sociologists would note, however, that even though this is a classification based on biological differences it is a socially constructed classification;

4) feminist movement is a social movement whose goal has been, and continues to be, the elimination of the patriarchal nature of society. Two large waves of feminist organization can be identified, the first following the French Revolution and extending the principles of liberty and freedom to women. This period is associated with M. Wollstonecraft (1759-1797). The second can be identified with French writer S. De Beauvoir's The Second Sex in 1952 and, in North America, with B. Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique, in 1963.

5) feminist theory is an attempt to understand the social, economic and political position of women in society, with a view to liberation. Feminist theory has challenged the claims to objectivity of previous social science and by examining society from women's position has called much social science into question as being male-centered and a component of the hegemonic rule of patriarchy: liberal feminism / radical feminism / Marxist feminism / ecofeminism.

6) feminization of poverty - a social process in which the incidence of poverty among women becomes much higher than among men. Changes in social policy, the structure of the family and the workplace, life expectancy have had the unintended result of increasing the female proportion of the population in poverty.

7) identity , gender identity especially in relation to society or culture: the internal sense or condition of being either male or female sex.

8) maleness, masculinity – the properties characteristic of the male sex; androgyny, bisexuality, hermaphroditism – the properties showing characteristics of both sexes; femaleness, feminineness – the properties characteristic of the female sex;

9) patriarchy literally ‗rule by the father‘ but more generally it refers to a social situation where men are dominant over women in wealth, status and power. Patriarchy is associated with a set of ideas, that acts to explain and justify this dominance and attributes it to inherent natural differences between men and women.

Sociologists tend to see patriarchy as a social product and not as an outcome of innate differences between the sexes;

10) sex – the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles

11) sexism – actions or attitudes that discriminate against people based solely on their gender. Sexism is linked to power in that those with power are typically treated with favour and those without power are typically discriminated against. Sexism is also related to stereotypes since the discriminatory actions or attitudes are frequently based on false beliefs or over generalizations about gender and on seeing gender as relevant when it is not.

12) sexual dimorphism (masculinity, androgyny, femaleness) – differences between males and females in size and appearance. Sexual dimorphism in humans is greater than in some animals and less than in many. Evolutionary psychologists and biologists are intrigued to understand the function of sexual dimorphism.

13) sexual division of labour – the allocation of work task, either in the private household or in the public economy, on the basis of the sex of the person. Women may cook the meals and men wash the dishes, or women may perform caring roles such as nursing or social work in the public economy, while men perform the tasks of driving trucks, fighting fires. Most societies have had some division of labour by sex. But the division of labour between the sexes is chiefly gendered: it is based on cultural practices rather than any inherent suitability of either sex to perform specific roles.

Lexicon used in the tasks: abstract – a condensed version of a piece of writing, speech; summary to abstract – make a shortened form of a statement, speech to cover/ discuss a point – обсуждать вопрос point out; at, to – отмечать, подчеркивать; a point – пункт, вопрос summary / synopsis (-ses ) – brief account giving the main points of something; а short statement that gives the main idea \ the gist and facts from the text

Russian equivalents to English phrases used in the tasks:

write a brief account giving the main points of the text – передайте в краткой форме основное содержание тектста; reproduce the message of the text – изложите основную идею текста; make an outline of the events– составьте план содержания текста; use а dictionary or Google’s search field or any other search engine for translating– для перевода используйте словарь, «Гугл» или любую другую поисковую систему в Интернете; write down some questions you would like to ask the group about the text; share your questions with the group mates / dramatize the dialogue / test each other/ interview other students) – задать вопросы студентам вашей группы; fill in a questionnaire / complete a form – заполнить анкету; exchange / share information, opinions, experiences – обмениваться мнениями, информацией, опытом